SDPV31306

MIT SOLAR DECATHLON
PV TECHNOLOGY FOUNDAMENTALS
PV MANUFACTURERS
POWER SUPPLY GROUP/PRESENTATION MARCH 06
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SOLAR POWER OVERVIEW
PV TECHNOLOGY BASICS
3-13
PV MANUFACTURES-PROFILES
14-24
AVAILABLE SOLAR PANELS
26-50
PV PERIPHERALS
51
THE FUTURE
NANOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELLS
52-64
GENERAL OVERVIEW
PV was recognized as an important source of space
power in the 1950s,
Terrestrial PV development began in response to the
1970s oil crises.
Concern for the environment, as well as global efforts
to seek indigenous sources of energy, drives the
investment in PV research and deployment.
Today, PV is a several-billion-dollar industry
worldwide, with more than 520 MW of PV modules
shipped in 2002.
These include large, multi-megawatt installations
feeding into the utility grid, kilowatt rooftop systems
supplying power to a home or business, and single 50or 100-W PV modules on homes in developing
countries.
Photovoltaic
research progresses rapidly from the lab to the market.
.
By Lawrence Kazmerski and Thomas Surek,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
PV technology basics
Solar cells are semiconductor devices

that produce electricity from sunlight via the photovoltaic
effect.
How PV Cells Work
A typical silicon PV cell is composed

of a thin wafer consisting of an ultrathin layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type)
silicon on top of a thicker layer of
boron-doped (P-type) silicon.
An electrical field is created near the top
surface of the cell where these two
materials are in contact, called the
P-N junction.
Sunlight strikes the cell, photons with energy above the

semiconductor bandgap impart enough energy to create
electron-hole pairs.
A junction between dissimilarly doped semiconductor
layers sets up a potential barrier in the cell, which
separates the light-generated charge carriers.
This separation induces a fixed electric current and
voltage in the device. The electricity is collected and
transported by metallic contacts on the top and bottom
surfaces of
the cell.
When sunlight strikes the surface of a PV

cell, this electrical field provides
momentum and direction to lightstimulated electrons, resulting in a flow
of current when the solar cell is
connected to an electrical load
Diagram of photovoltaic cell.
Applicable semiconductor materials> Cell Efficiencies
silicon (Si),
gallium arsenide (GaAs),
cadmium telluride (CdTe),
copper indium diselenide (CIS),
hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
There are significant differences between the best performance and the theoretically predicted value
for each material; closing these gaps is the subject of ongoing research (see figure).
In the case of a single-junction device,
the efficiency of the solar cell, the ratio
of the power produced, and the
incident light power are limited.
PV Cells, Modules, & Arrays
Photons with energies below the

bandgap of the material produce only
heat. Excess energy above that
needed to generate electron-hole pairs
also produces heat.
A multijunction device, in which
two or more solar cells are
stacked on top of each other, can
exploit different portions of the
solar spectrum.
For example, a four-junction device
with bandgaps of 1.8, 1.4, 1.0, and 0.7
electron volts (eV) results in a
theoretical efficiency of more than
52%.
The multijunction approach, however,
presents significant challenges in both
materials preparation and device
design.
Photovoltaic cells are connected electrically in series

and/or parallel circuits to produce higher voltages, currents
and power levels.
Photovoltaic modules consist of PV cell circuits sealed in an
environmentally protective laminate, and are the
fundamental building block of PV systems.
Photovoltaic panels include one or more PV modules
assembled as a pre-wired, field-installable unit. A
photovoltaic array is the complete power-generating unit,
consisting of any number of PV modules and panels.
How a PV System Works
PV systems are like any other electrical power generating systems, just the equipment used is different
than that used for conventional electromechanical generating systems.
Depending on the functional and operational requirements of the system,

the specific components required, and may include major components
DC-AC power inverter,
battery bank,
system and battery controller,
auxiliary energy sources
and sometimes the specified electrical load (appliances).
In addition, an assortment of balance of system (BOS) hardware,
Including wiring, overcurrent, surge protection and disconnect
devices, and other power processing equipment.
Why Are Batteries Used in Some PV Systems?
Batteries are often used in PV systems for the purpose of storing
energy produced by the PV array during the day, and to supply it to
electrical loads as needed (during the night and periods of cloudy
weather).
Other reasons batteries are used in PV systems are to operate the
PV array near its maximum power point, to power electrical loads
at stable voltages, and to supply surge currents to electrical loads
and inverters.
In most cases, a battery charge controller is used in these systems
to protect the battery from overcharge and overdischarge.
In many stand-alone PV
systems, batteries are
used for energy storage.
Figure shows a diagram
of a typical stand-alone
PV system powering DC
and AC loads
Diagram of stand-alone PV system

with battery storage powering DC and AC loads.
Types of PV Systems
How Are Photovoltaic Systems Classified?
Photovoltaic power systems are
generally classified according to:
functional and operational

requirements,
component
configurations,
how the equipment is

connected to other power
sources and electrical
loads.
The two principle classifications are

grid-connected or
utilityinteractive systems
stand-alone systems.
Photovoltaic systems can be designed
to provide DC and/or AC power
service, can operate interconnected
with or independent of the utility grid,
and can be connected with other
energy sources and energy storage
systems.1.7.1 Grid-Connected (UtilityInteractive) PV Systems.
Diagram of grid-connected photovoltaic system
photovoltaic hybrid system.
Stand-alone PV systems are

designed to operate independent
of the electric utility grid, and are
generally designed and sized to
supply certain DC and/or AC
electrical loads.
These types of systems may be
powered by a PV array only, or
may use wind, an enginegenerator or utility power as an
auxiliary power source in what is
called a PV-hybrid system.
The simplest type of stand-alone PV system is a direct-coupled system,
where the DC output of a PV module or array is directly connected to a DC load
Since there is no electrical energy storage (batteries) in direct-coupled systems,
the load only operates during sunlight hours, making these designs suitable for
common applications such as ventilation fans, water pumps, and small
circulation pumps for solar thermal water heating systems.
Matching the impedance of the electrical load to the maximum power output of
the PV array is a critical part of designing well-performing direct-coupled system.
For certain loads such as positive-displacement water pumps, a type of
electronic DC-DC converter, called a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is
used between the array and load to help better utilize the available array
maximum power output.
Direct-coupled PV system.
crystalline silicon
The conventional technology that
supports more than 85% of today's
PV market is based on wafers of
crystalline Si.
Production capacities are expected to
more than double in the next three to
five years, and the products are
proven and accepted in the markets.
Single-crystal ingots are pulled from
the melt, or polycrystalline ingots are
cast in a crucible that is consumed in
the process. Technical advances
include the growth of ingots as big as
300 kg, the growth of multiple ingots
with melt replenishment, and the
reduction of consumable materials
and energy costs. Significant R&D
effort has been focused on reducing
defects, improving doping, and
automating the growth process. Still,
for single-crystal Si, the best
commercial module efficiencies
are only about 15%.
How PV Cells Are Made

The process of fabricating conventional single- and polycrystalline
silicon PV cells begins very pure semiconductor-grade polysilicon - a
material processed from quartz and used extensively throughout the
electronics industry.
The polysilicon is then heated to melting temperature, and trace
amounts of boron are added to the melt to create a P-type
semiconductor material.
Next, an ingot, or block of silicon is formed, commonly using one of
two methods:
1) by growing a pure crystalline silicon ingot from a seed
crystal drawn from the molten polysilicon
or 2) by casting the molten polysilicon in a block,
creating a polycrystalline silicon material.
Individual wafers are then sliced from the ingots using wire saws and
then subjected to a surface etching process. After the wafers are
cleaned, they are placed in a phosphorus diffusion furnace, creating a
thin N-type semiconductor layer around the entire outer surface of the
cell.
Next, an anti-reflective coating is applied to the top surface of the cell,
and electrical contacts are imprinted on the top (negative) surface of
the cell.
of
of
diffused
An aluminized conductive material is

deposited on the back (positive) surface
each cell, restoring the P-type properties
the back surface by displacing the
phosphorus layer.
Each cell is then electrically tested, sorted
based on current output, and electrically
connected to other cells to form cell
circuits for assembly in PV modules.
Image: A solar cell, made from a poly-crystalline silicon wafer
Si ribbon and sheet technologies,
which avoid the cost and material
losses associated with slicing
ingots, are the first of the new PV
technologies to be commercialized.
About 6% of today's PV modules
are made using these methods.
Most notable are the edge-defined,
film-fed growth process, the string
ribbon process, and the Si-film
process (growth of a high-speed,
continuous Si sheet of a variety of
substrates). Cell and module
efficiencies are similar to those
for polycrystalline Si wafers
from ingotsabout 12% at best
with somewhat lower
efficiencies for the smallgrained sheet materials.
Ongoing incremental
improvements will probably reduce
manufacturing costs and increase
module performance, keeping
these technologies as the mainstay
of PV markets for years to come.
Thin-Film Photovoltaics
Thin-film photovoltaic modules are
manufactured by depositing ultra-thin layers of
semiconductor material on a glass or thin
stainless-steel substrate in a vacuum chamber.
A laser scribing process is used to separate
and weld the electrical connections between
individual cells in a module.
Thin-film photovoltaic materials offer great
promise for reducing the materials
requirements and manufacturing costs for PV
modules and systems.
Pros and Cons of PV
Photovoltaic systems have a number of merits and unique
advantages over conventional power-generating technologies.
PV systems can be designed for a variety of
applications and operational requirements, and
can be used for either centralized or distributed
power generation.
PV systems have no moving parts, are modular, easily
expandable and even transportable in some cases.
Energy independence and environmental compatibility
are two attractive features of PV systems.
The fuel (sunlight) is free, and no noise or pollution is created
from operating PV systems. In general, PV systems that are
well designed and properly installed require minimal
maintenance and have long service lifetimes.
At present, the high cost of PV modules and equipment (as
compared to conventional energy sources) is the primary
limiting factor for the technology. Consequently, the
economic value of PV systems is realized over many years. In
some cases, the surface area requirements for PV arrays may
be a limiting factor. Due to the diffuse nature of sunlight and
the existing sunlight to electrical energy conversion
efficiencies of photovoltaic devices, surface area
requirements for PV array installations are on the order of 8 to
12 m^2 (86 to 129 ft^2) per kilowatt of installed peak array
capacity.
PV manufacturers> Spire BIPV
Spire Corporation - Headquarters

One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396 (USA)
BIPV is Building Integrated Photovoltaics.

Its more than just mounting solar panels on a roof.
Its integrating solar electricity into the design of a
building or structure so that the solar components
also serve as structural or design elements.
Toll Free:
800-510-4815
Phone:
781-275-6000
http://www.spirecorp.com/spiresolar/turnkeymoduleproductionlines/index.php
Fax:
781-275-7470
Email:
email@spirecorp.com
Spire offers SPI-LINE turnkey production lines

for module manufacturing at production
capacities ranging from a few hundred kilowatt
up to 50 megawatts per year and beyond.
http://www.spirecorp.com/spiresolar/turnkeymoduleproductionlines/index.php
Spire provides state of the art production lines for the

manufacture of silicon wafers and solar cells.
PV manufacturers> Spire > considered leading in BIPV

Roof Systems
Ground Mounted Systems
Pole & Structure Mounted Systems
Spire installation examples
PV manufacturers > Spire > considered leading in BIPV
Awning Systems
Spire manufactured and retrofitted two BIPV systems for
a commercial building that serves as a vital community
center. The systems include a 25-kilowatt roof tile
system and a 7-kilowatt awning system.
Curtain Wall Systems

BIPV panels can be mounted vertically on an exterior
wall. An opaque panel can take the place of traditional
siding. A transparent or semi-transparent panel can be
mounted on an exterior wall, or on the roof, acting as a
power-generating skylight. This allows the panel to be
visible from indoors, providing partial shade and casting
attractive dapple patterns.
Spire BIPV system case studies
PV manufacturers >Spire > considered leading in BIPV

Custom BIPV
Spire manufactures its own BIPV modules, so it has the flexibility to
produce custom and one-of-a-kind designs. These can be integrated
into unique application solutions.
InSpire Solar Data Monitoring

InSpire systems are among the most user friendly
monitoring systems on the market, available only from
Spire Solar. InSpire systems range in capability from
simplistic energy performance data monitoring, to
complex platforms that can be expanded upon for whole
building commissioning. With real time data monitoring,
the value of your PV system becomes a tangible asset
available for instant use for educational or marketing
purposes.
* State of the art, user friendly technology
* Touch screen monitors for desktop displays
* Kiosks with integrated touch screen monitors for
lobby or museum displays
* Online data monitoring that is available from
anywhere with Internet access
This InSpire graph shows the energy produced by
several Spire solar systems during a one week period in
January 2006. These systems are located in the
northeast United States. InSpire lets you easily monitor
your own solar system.
InSpire Solar Data Monitoring
BIPV systems enable architects and designers to develop

customized photovoltaic applications, going beyond the typical
installations afforded by standard module design. To learn how
Spire has developed and implemented innovative solar
solutions for its customers, read the Case Studies
PV manufacturers> Spire
How much roof space do I need for a PV system?
A typical PV system requires about 100 square feet for
every kilowatt installed on a pitched roof, and up to 200
square feet per kilowatt on a flat roof. PV systems should
be installed facing south for maximum electricity
production.
The capacity of a PV system is stated in terms
of the number of watts, kilowatts, or
megawatts it can produce in standard
sunlight conditions. For example, in the city of
Chicago, Illinois, U.S., Spire has installed solar
modules for which each kilowatt (kW) of PV
capacity produces about 1,200 - 1,400 kilowatthours per year, depending on the angle at
which the panels are mounted.
The electricity you purchase from the utility is
measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). Most singlefamily homes in the U.S. use 20 kWh or more
per day. A refrigerator uses 1.2 kWh per day
and a computer uses 2.4 kWh per 8-hour
workday.
Spire's in-house manufacturing provides exceptional
flexibility to produce unique BIPV modules to meet
almost any specifications and design requirements. Spire
has extensive experience working through the US Green
Building Council and working with architects, designers and
builders
to produce BIPV systems for integration into LEED-certified
buildings.
Let Spire produce your next custom BIPV modules. Contact
Spire at pvsales@spirecorp.com to discuss your
manufacturing needs.
Spire general facts
PV manufacturers> Evergreen
138 Bartlett Street | Marlboro, MA 01752-3016 USA |
TL: +1.508.357.2221 | FX: +1.508.229.0747
www.evergreensolar.com
* Each module is individually tested to ensure field performance meets or exceeds

specifications.
* Solar cells are matched to reduce internal losses and the possibility of hot spots.
* Rugged, durable anodized aluminum frame makes for strong, stable mechanical
mounting.
* Industry standard EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate) and Tedlar construction protects solar
cells from mechanical and environmental stress.
Advanced technology with promise for the future
* String Ribbon polycrystalline solar cells outperform

thin films and achieve comparable performance to bulk
crystalline technologies while using half as much silicon.
* The proprietary cell fabrication process is among the most environmentally friendly in the
business.
The power of PV
* Photovoltaics (PV) provide clean, quiet, reliable electricity from sunlight.
* No moving parts to wear out.
* No emmisions - power that's good for the environment.
* The Sun - a limitless, readily-available power source.
Cedar Series Photovoltaic Modules
PV manufacturers > > LOCAL INNOVATIVE PV COMPANY
Evergreen Solar and Q-Cells Announce Partnership with REC

Leading Solar Silicon Supplier Joins EverQ Venture
MARLBORO, Massachusetts, & THALHEIM, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany--(BUSINESS WIRE)-Nov. 28, 2005--Evergreen Solar, Inc. (Nasdaq: ESLR), a manufacturer of solar power
products with its proprietary, low-cost String Ribbon(TM) wafer technology, and Q-Cells
AG, the world's largest independent manufacturer of crystalline silicon solar cells, today
announced a partnership with Renewable Energy Corporation ASA (REC), based in Hovik,
Norway. The world's largest manufacturer of solar-grade silicon and multicrystalline
wafers, REC is joining EverQ, a strategic partnership between Evergreen Solar and Q-Cells
that is currently building a 30-megawatt solar wafer, cell and module manufacturing plant
in Thalheim, Germany.
PV manufacturers> Evergreen
The Company maintains strong ties to

the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, including the active
involvement of String Ribbon's inventor,
Prof. Emanuel Sachs.
The figure above illustrates the patented String Ribbon

manufacturing process ongoing within the furnace shown
to the right.
PV manufacturers> Sunpower
Our Company headquarters and
research and development facilities
are located in Sunnyvale,
California, the heart of Silicon
Valley.
SunPower Solar
SunPower Corporation designs, manufactures
and sells high efficiency solar cells and solar
panels that generate electricity from sunlight for
residential, commercial and remote power
applications.
Our proprietary all back contact silicon solar cell
technology produces up to 50% more power per
square foot compared to conventional solar cells.
SunPowers A-300 Solar Cell

A-300 SunPower solar cells are unique
because the metal contacts needed to collect
and conduct electricity are on the back
surface of the solar cells away from the
sunlight.
This design eliminates reflective metal
contacts on the front of the solar cell. In
addition to improving cell performance, this
design leaves the front surface with a
uniformly black appearance.
Our SPR-200 solar panels feature a unique,

uniformly black design that many home and
business owners prefer.
PV manufacturers LEADER IN EFFIENCY
SunPowers Technology Path
Dr. Swanson (n 1988 Dr. Swanson founded SunPower to

commercialize high-efficiency photovoltaic cell
technology for use in solar concentrators) and his team
at SunPower discovered that their solar cell technology
designed for concentrators offered great advantages in
other applications as well. In 2001, SunPower solar cells
were used to power NASAs Helios solar powered
airplane to a world record powered-flight altitude of
96,863 feet.
The 22%-efficient lightweight solar cells were

incorporated directly into the curved wing
surfaces.
PV manufacturers LEADER IN EFFIENCY
Superior Performance, Superior Aesthetics

SunPower's high performance solar cells and solar panels offer both maximum power from your
roof as well as a uniquely attractive system design. To review a slide presentation about our
proprietary back contact solar cell technology, (see attached pdf)
PV manufacturers LEADER IN
EFFIENCY
Solar cells are semiconductor devices that directly convert sunlight

into electricity. Our A-300 solar cell has a rated power value of
3.1 watts and a conversion efficiency of between 20% to
21.5%.
Our A-300 solar cell is designed without highly reflective metal
contact grids or current collection ribbons on the front of the
solar cells. This feature enables our solar cells to be assembled into
solar panels that exhibit a more uniform appearance than
conventional
solar panels.
Available Solar Panels

PV manufacturers Overview
>
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/bpsolar.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/evsopa.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/geensopa.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/innergy.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/globalsolarenergyflexiblesolarpanels.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/issopa.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/martrix.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/kyocera.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/mitsubishielectricsolarpanels.html
PV manufacturers > AVAILABLE SOLAR PANELS

http://www.affordable-solar.com/affordablesolar/solarpanels.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/ase.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/siemens.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/unisolar.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/yingli.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/sasopa.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/sunwize.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/kaneka.html
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/iowathinfilm.html
PV solar panel specifications BP Solar BP-4170S, 170 Watt Solar Panel

Unavailable in 2005
BP Solar BP 4170S
170 Watt 24V Monocrystalline Solar Panel
The BP 4170 solar panel is designed to provide superior performance
for residential, commercial, and industrial grid-connect systems. By
increasing the diameter of the cell, performance is maximized while
improving aesthetics. With time-tested monocrystalline silicon solar
cells and installation-speeding polarized connectors, it provides costeffective power for systems that demand premium module efficiency.
Electrical Specifications
Maximum Power: 170 Watts
Nominal Voltage: 34.7 volts
Voltage at Pmax: 34.7 Volts
Current at Pmax: 4.9 Amps
Warranted minimum Pmax: 161.5 Watts
Short-circuit current: 5.4 Amps
Open-circuit voltage: 44.0 Volts
***Unavailable in 2005***
BP Solar BP-4170S, 170 Watt Solar Panel
1561 Your price: $999.00 pad
BP Solar BP-4170S, 170 Watt Solar Panel
Mechanical Specifications
Dimensions (LxWxD): 62.8 x 31.1 x 1.97 inches (1595x790x50) mm
Weight: 34 lbs (15.4kg)
Solar Cells: 72 cells in a 6x12 matrix connected in series
Output Cables: MC Connectors RHW AWG# 12 cable with polarized
weatherproof DC rated connectors
Diodes: Three 9A, 45V Schottky by-pass diodes included
Construction: Front: High-transmission 3mm (1/8th inch) tempered
glass; Back: Tedlar; Encapsulant: EVA
Frame: Rugged clear anodized aluminum alloy type universal frame
Limited Warranty: 25 years
Quality and Safety Listings
ESTI, CE, TUV, UL Listed
Note: These panels must ship via truck freight due to size. Please call
or email for a shipping quote and to order.
PV solar panel specifications
170 watt-783.00 160 watt 799. 160 watt 725.
150 watt 699.
Most expensive
170 watt- 999.00
125 watt 629.00 125 watt 599. 80 watt 520.
50Watt=354.00
40watt+353.00
65 watt 457.
30Watt 259.00
60 watt 462.00
20watt 234.00
Cheapest
10 watt Solar panel- 149.00

Evergreen Solar EC-115-GD
$539.00
Evergreen Solar EC-102-GD, 102 Watt Solar Panel

$499.00
Electrical Specifications
Maximum Power: 115 Watts
Voltage @ Power Maximum: 17.3 Volts
Current @ Power Maximum: 6.65 Amps
Open-circuit Voltage: 21.5 Volts
Short-Circuit Current: 7.26 Amps
No. of Cells: 72
Max. Series Fuse: 15 Amps
UL System Voltage Rating: 600V
TUV System Voltage Rating: 800V
Length: 62.5"/1588 mm
Width: 25.69"/653 mm
Depth: 1.39"/35 mm
Weight: 28 lbs/12.7 kg
Safety and Quality Tests
IEC 1215 (IEC 503, ISPRA) Certified
UL Listed, Class C Fire Rating
TUV Safety Class II Certified
CE
Evergreen Solar EC-110-GD, 110 Watt

Solar Panel - Limited Supply
Your price: $524.00
25 year limited power warranty

Temporarily Out of Stock
Evergreen Solar EC-115-GD, 115 Watt Solar Panel
GE Energy Solar Panels

GE Energy GEPV-110-M 110 Watt Solar Panel
$599.00
GE Energy 165, 165 Watt Solar Panel

$719.00
GE Energy GEPV-072, 72 Watt Solar Panel

Your price: $459.00

$365.00
GE Energy GEPV-065, 65 Watt Solar Panel

Your price: $449.00

$239.00

Electrical Performance
Typical Performance Characteristics
Peak Power (Wp): Watts 110
Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp): Volts 16.7
Maximum Power Current (Imp): Amps 6.6
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): Volts 21.2
Short Circuit Current (Isc): Amps 7.4
Short Circuit Temperature Coefficient: mA/?C +3
Open Circuit Voltage Coefficient: V/?C -0.08
Maximum Power Temperature Coefficient: %/?C -0.5
Maximum Series Fuse: Amps 15
Overall Physical Properties
GE Energy's technologically advanced solar electric power

products offer high quality and customer value. They are all
based on crystalline silicon, the material of choice for efficiency
and reliability for more than 25 years. Our single-crystal solar
cells are among the most efficient commercially available today.
We offer a full line of photovoltaic (PV) cells, solar modules which
utilize a series of cells wired together and complete packages for
residential, commercial and industrial systems.
Designed for optimum use in residential, commercial and battery
the GEPV-110-M solar

module contains 36 single-crystal cells
connected in series, and generates a
peak power of 110 watts at 16.7 volts.
charging applications,
Length: 58.1 inches (1,477 mm)

Width: 26.0 inches (661 mm)
Depth of Frame: 1.4 inches (35 mm)
Depth Including J-box: 2.2 inches (55 mm)
Connector Length (when applicable): 15.0 inches (381 mm)
Weight: 26.1 pounds (11.9 kg)
Mounting Hole Locations
Center Spacing: 25.3 inches (643 mm)
Edge Distance: 16.4 inches (417 mm)
Width Spacing: 24.3 inches (616 mm)
Mounting Hole Diameter: 0.26 inches (6.7 mm)
Physical Design Properties
Weight (Wind) Bearing Potential: 50 lb/ft (125 mph equivalent)

Hailstone Impact Resistance: 1 inch at 50 mph (25 mm at 80 kph)
Global Solar Energy Flexible Solar Panels
http://www.affordablesolar.com/affordablesolar/gsesolarapps.html
GSE Portable Power Pack 48 Watt 24 Volt Desert Camo

Your price: $789.00

Your price: $789.00
GSE SUNLINQ 12 Watt Portable Solar Panel

$167.00
Your price: $869.00

Global Solar Energy Flexible Solar Panels
GSE P3 55 Watt 12 Volt Flexible Solar Panel Desert Camo

In Stock and Ready to Ship
Global Solar's thin-film photovoltaic technology is enabling solar power products to be portable, flexible,
foldable, durable and lightweight. As a result we are able to create solutions for a wide range of military power
requirements. The overall benefits of our military solar power products are to, enable extended missions,
improve logistics by enabling field charging thereby reducing the number of batteries in the field and provide a
significant cost reduction when compared to primary batteries. Global Solar Energy works closely with CECOM
and the US Army's Rechargeable Battery Program.
Portable Power Pack (P3)
The P3 is a solar-energized power generator for mobile power needs. Incorporating solid state, thin-film,
PowerFLEX solar technology, the P3 provides an excellent choice for situations that require lightweight,
durable, silent power. Re-charge batteries, power communication equipment and mobile electronics, plus reduce
the battery logistic challenge with the P3. It provides silent energy independence to the user.
The P3 Portable Power Pack is used worldwide to provide users an alternate power generator for charging leadacid, Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel-Metal-Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium Ion rechargeable batteries. The P3 will
enable extended missions, provide energy security, restore power silently and can provide power for remote,
portable surveillance equipment.
A primary battery can only be used once. Secondary batteries can be recharged several hundred times. Recent
studies show that a P3 solar charger pays for itself in fewer than fifteen recharges. That is equivalent to several
hundred FREE BATTERIES!
Twice the power to weight ratio of alternative solar generators, the P3 is ideal for situations requiring power
renewal to batteries and mobile electronics. The P3 Portable Power Pack folds for easy transport and storage
Isofoton Solar Panels
Isofoton 150 Watt

24 Volt Solar Panel
$665.00
Isofoton is the leading solar panel

manufacturer in Europe and their
panels are now available in the
USA. Since its founding in 1981,
Isofoton has grown to become the
leading supplier of PV in Europe
and is the 8th largest PV
manufacturer in the world. Their
steadfast commitment to research
and development has lead to the
development of a reliable, proven
mono-crystalline cell that is then
chemically textured with an antireflective layer and finally trimmed
almost square for maximum power
density. The finished cells are
covered with tempered, antirelective glass that maximizes light
transfer, providing a high quality
finished module that meets the
highest level of compliance with
ISO, TUV, CE, and UL standards for
photovotaic products. Approved by
the California Energy Commission.
Applications
Water pumping
Communications
Outdoor lighting
Rural electrification
Recreational vehicles
Stand-alone or grid-connected AC
applications
Electrical Characteristics
Nominal Voltage: 24 volt
Maximum Power: 150 W
Short-Circuit Current: 4.45 Amps
Open Circuit Voltage: 43.2 Volts
Maximum Power Current: 4.35 Amps
Maximum Power Voltage: 34.6 Volts
Physical Characteristics
Cell type: 125 mm Mono Crystal
Number of cells: 72
Length: 1224mm/48.19"
Width: 1047mm/41.22"
Depth: 39.5mm/1.56"
Weight: 17.0kg/37.5 lb
Type of Output Terminal: J-box with MC
cables
Certifications
IEC 61215 Certified
UL Listing, Class C Fire Rating
T Safety Class II Certified
CEC Rating: 134.3
Warranty: 25 years
Note: Minimum order of 4 panels. These
panels must ship via truck due to size.
Please call for a shipping quote and to
order. There is a quantity price break if you
are ordering 20+ panels.
Kyocera Solar Panels
d.Blue is ideal for installation on all types of

buildings, from residential to large scale
commercial systems. The stylish dark blue
cells, combined with black panel frames,
allow the panels to blend in with the buildings
architecture while producing energy at
exceptional efficiencies.
The d.Blue panels are available in 190-watt,
170-watt and 125-watts panels. All of these
feature Multi-Contact output cables, a heavyduty box-style anodized aluminum frame, and
an industry-high 25 year power output
warranty.
Kyocera KC200GT, 200 Watt Solar Panel

$879.00
Applications
* Residential roof top system
* Large commercial grid tie system
* Water Pumping Systems
* High Voltage stand alone systems
KYOCERA has perfected its new

surface treatment technology and is
introducing it on a new line of panels
named d.Blue, for its dark blue color.
The newly developed treatment
method processes multi-crystalline
silicon cells in order to produce a
surface texture that minimizes
surface reflectance and maximizes
output. The result is a maximum
conversion efficiency of 15%, one of
the highest conversion efficiencies in
the polycrystalline panel industry.
Specifications:
Max Power: 190 Watts
Max Voltage: 26.1 Volts
Max Current: 7.28 Amps
Dimensions (LxWxD): 56.2"x39"x1.4"
Weight: 40.7 pounds

Independently Certified
* The ASE-270/DGF-50 is independently certified to meet IEEE
1262, IEC 61215 and UL 1703 standards
* It is also the only panel in the industry to receive a UL
(Underwriters Laboratories) Class A fire rating
Flexible Versions
A variety of wiring and framing options
are available upon request.
RWE Schott Solar Panels
ASE is possibly the finest

module
currently available on the
market.
315 watt, 300 watt and 285 watt modules.

Prices start are $4.03/watt for cases of
(20) modules. Call for availablity.
Electrical Data
Power (max): 270 Watts
Voltage: 49.5 Volts
Current: 5.45 Amps
Open-circuit voltage: 60.0 Volts
Short-circuit Current: 6.1 Amps
Dimensions and Weights
Length: 74.5"/1892.3 mm
Width: 50.5"/1282.7 mm
Weight: 107 (+/- 5) lbs/46.6 (+/- 2) kg
Area: 26.13 ft sq/ 2.43 sq meters
Characteristic Data
Solar cells per panel: 216
Type of solar cell: Semi-crystalline solar cells (EFG process)
Connections: 10 AWG single conductor, stranded copper with
Multi-Contact connector. Junction box comes with 6 built-in
bypass diodes.
Certifications and Warranty
The ASE-270-DGF/50 has been independently certified to IEC
1215 and IEEE 1262, UL 1703 (Class A Fire rating)
The ASE-270-DGF-50 comes with a 20 year power warranty.
RWE Schott Solar Panels
More Reliability
* Bypass diode protection for every 18 solar cells in series, thus minimizing power
loss, and mitigating overheating/safety problems
* Advanced encapsulation system ensures steady long-term panel performance
by eliminating degradation associated with traditional EVA-encapsulated panels
* A weather barrier system on both sides of the panel protects against tears,
perforations, fire, electrical conductivity, delamination and moisture
* Patented no-lead, high-reliability soldering system guarantees long life and
ensures against environmental harm should the panel break or be discarded
Higher Quality
* Each of the panel's 216 individual semi-crystalline silicon cells is inspected and
power matched to ensure consistent performance between panels
* Every panel is tested utilizing a calibrated solar simulator to ensure that the
electrical ratings are within the specified tolerance for power, voltage and current
* Panel-to-panel wiring loss is factored into the panel's labeled electrical ratings
by testing through the panel's cable/connector assemblies
ASE-300-DGF/50,
285 watt
$1,334.00
ASE-300-DGF/50,
300 Watt Solar
Panel
$1,404.00
ASE-300-DGF/50,
315 Watt Solar Panel
$1,329.00
Today, building integrated

photovoltaic systems are able
to provide:
# Solar electricity
# Light management
# Comfort
# Effective shading
# Glare protection
# Thermal management
# Innovative architecture
Schott BIPV - Photovoltaics with ASI Glass
Insulated Facade
Opaque Cladding
The maximum size of ASI Glass modules is

1.2m x 2.4m (~4 x 7 10)

The HIT 190 panel has a cell conversion efficiency of
18.5% and a panel conversion efficiency of 16.1%
that is significantly higher than conventional SANYO
solar cells.
SANYO Solar Panels

Sanyo HIP-190BA3, HIT 190 Watt Solar Panel
High conversion efficiency and lightweight design conserve

space and weight. The outstanding conversion efficiency
and high power output of the HIT 190 save approximately
20% of installation space. HIT 190 panels can be installed
on narrow roof spaces which previously presented
difficulties. In addition, with fewer solar panels, there is
less weight on the roof.
SANYO HIT 190 Specifications:
Model Number: HIP-190BA3
Max. Power (Pmax): 190 Watts
Max. Power Voltage (Vpm): 54.8 Volts
Max. Power Current (Ipm): 3.47 Amps
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): 67.5 Volts
Short Circuit Voltage (Isc): 3.75 Amps
Cell Conversion Efficiency: 18.5%
Panel Conversion Efficiency: 16.1%
Warranted Minimum (Pmin): 171.0 Watts
PTC Rating: 178.7 Watts
Max. System Voltage: 600 Volts
Series Fuse: 15 Amps
Temp. Coefficient of Pmax (%/C): -0.3
Dimensions: 51.9" x 35.2" X 1.4" (1319mm X 894mm x
35mm)
Weight: 30.9 lbs. (14kg)
Certificate: UL 1703
Class C fire rating
HIT panels can withstand 1 inch diameter hailstones at 50
mph.
Sanyo HIP-190BA3, HIT 190 Watt Solar Panel
$975.00
Since 1959, Sharp has been harnessing the power of

the sun to improve the quality of life. Today, we are
the world's #1 manufacturer of solar cells. In fact,
Sharp's high quality, Photovoltaic Power Generation
Systems are used for everything from satellites to
lighthouses, industrial applications to residential use.
Sharp 208 Watt Solar Panel SHARP NT-185U1, 185 Watt Solar Panel
$882.00
$969.00
Sharp's solar energy systems take advantage of the

natural, inexhaustible resource of sunlight to
generate electricity. No environmentally harmful
compounds, no fossil fuel pollution, no global
warming. Just clean, safe, reliable solar energy for
living.
Sharp ND-167U1,
$779.00
SHARP NE-165U1,
price: $727.00
Sharp ND-N0ECU,
$669.00
Sharp ND-070ERU,
70 Watt Solar Panel Right
Triangle
$429.00
Sharp ND-070ELU,
70 Watt Solar Panel Left Triangle
$429.00
Sharp ND-070ELU, 70 Watt Solar Panel Left Triangle
Features
Left and right triangular modules offer greater flexibility and
greater integration for roofline aesthetics
High-power module (70W) using 21 square multi-crystal
silicon solar cells with 13.44% cell conversion efficiency
Bypass diode minimizes the power drop caused by shade
Black anodized aluminum frame and "L" hook design located
along frame perimeter for easy integration with residential
sytem mounting hardware
Water white, tempered glass, EVA laminate, and a weatherproof film yield long-life modules while enhancing cell
performance
Nominal 7 VDC output is ideal for residential system
applications
Manufactured in ISO 9001 certified facilities
25-year limited warranty on power output
Cell: Multi-crystal silicon
No. of Cells and Connections: 21 in series
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): 12.43 Volts
Max. Power Voltage (Vpm): 9.98 Volts
Short Circuit Current (Isc): 7.81 Amps
Maximum Power Current (Ipm): 7.02 Amps
Maximum Power (Pm): 70 Watts
Minimum Power (Pm): 63 Watts
Encapsulated Solar Cell Efficiency: 13.44%
PTC Rating (W): 61.46 Watts
Maximum System Voltage: 600VDC
Series Fuse Rating: 15 Amps
Type of Output Terminal: Lead Wire with MC Connector
Sharp ND-070ERU, 70 Watt Solar Panel Right Triangle

Left and right triangular modules
Mechanical Characteristics
Dimensions: 45.86" x 38.98" x 1.81" (1165mm x 990mm x
46mm)
Weight: 26.9lbs/12.2kg
Packing Configuration: 2 pcs per carton
Shell Solar Panels
Shell Solar SQ175-PC, 175 Watt Solar Panel

$805.00
Shell Solar 85-P, 85 Watt Solar Panel
Shell Solar SQ165-PC, 165 Watt Solar Panel

Your price: $779.00
Shell Solar 80-P, 80 Watt Solar Panel

$499.00

Shell Solar Panels
Shell ST40, 40 Watt Thin Film Solar Panel

$276.00
Junction Box
The junction box provides a high
quality, dust protected and splash
proof IP44-rated housing. The housing
contains a rigid connection block with
screw terminals and by-pass diodes
providing "hot spot" protection for the
solar cells.
Rated Power: 40 watts
Peak Power: 40 watts
Peak Power Voltage: 16.6 volts
Peak Power Current: 2.41 amps
Open Circuit Voltage: 23.3 volts
Short Circuit Current: 2.68 amps
Series Fuse Rating: 5 amps
Minimum Peak Power: 36 Watt
A torsion and corrosion-resistant
anodized aluminum frame ensures
dependable performance, even under
harsh weather conditions. Pre-drilled
mounting holes are provided for ease
of installation.
Dimensions (LxWxD): 50.9" x 12.9" x
1.3" (1293x328x35mm)
Weight: 15.4lbs
Shell ST40, 40 Watt CIS Thin Film Solar Panel

Shell ST40, 40 Watt 12 Volt Thin Film Solar Panel
The Shell ST40 solar panel is composed of a
monolithic structure of series connected Copper
Indium Diselenide (CIS) based solar cells. It can
generate a peak power of 40 watt at 16.6 volts.
The Shell ST40 solar panel has been designed for rural
and industrial applications.
The Shell Solar CIS/thin film modules deliver high
power and reliable performance in all operational
conditions backed by a 10 year warranty. The range is
particularly suitable for low light level environments
and where uniform appearance and aesthetics is
important.
Benefits
* Exceptional performance under low light
conditions, shade and high temperature tolerance
that offers reliable power in adverse or changeable
conditions.
* Class leading efficiency and stable output power
delivering reliable high performance for many years.
* Highly transparent tempered glass delivering
more power and ensuring high impact resistance and
protection against hail, snow, ice, and storms.
* Uniform appearance ideal for applications where
aesthetics are an important factor.
* 10 years research and over 3 years commercial
manufacturing experience has been appllied to the
development of our CIS thin-film range to ensure that
our products have a long and reliable service life
backed by a 10 year warranty.
Qualifications and Certificates
* UL-Listing 1703
* All Shell Solar Panels are produced in EN-ISO 9001
certified factories
SunWize Solar Panels
SunWize OEM40, 40 Watt Solar Panel

$269.00

$165.00
SunWize SW90, 90 Watt Solar Pane

$115.00
SunWize SW85, 85 Watt Solar Panel

UniSolar FLEXIBLE Solar Panel
UniSolar FLX-32 Flexible 32 Watt Solar Panel

$275.00
Specifications
Rated power: 32 Watts
Battery Voltage: 12 Volts
Typical Amp Hours/Day: 12
Bypass Diode Included: Yes
Blocking Diode Included: Yes
Length: 55.77"
Width: 16.7"
Weight: 4.7 lbs.
Cable Length: 8 ft
Warranty on Power Output: 5 yr
How are Panels Connected to an Electrical System?

Each panel comes with 8 ft. of tinned wire with a 2-pin SAE-connector and is
packaged with a 2 ft fused battery cable. An extension cable of 10 feet is
also available. Typically the solar panel is connected directly to the battery. It
can also be connected to any point on the electrical system where 12 volt is
present. If a charge controller is used, it is placed in the line between the
solar panel and the battery.
Bypass diodes are connected across each cell, allowing the modules to
produce power even when partially shaded. Blocking diodes are included
within each potted junction box (edge connector) to prevent battery
discharge into the module.
The cell assembly is sealed in flexible an durable weather resistant polymers
that provide longlife and high reliability.
UniSolar UNI-PAC 30 - 34 Watt Foldable Flexible Panel

$729.00
UniSolar UNI-PAC 15 - 15.5 Watt Foldable Flexible Panel

$595.00
Unique and Durable

The unique design of the UNI-PAC features a lightweight
construction without glass or fragile crystalline to break, crack,
or add on extra weight. The tough nylon fabric covering allows
the unit to be folded to a convenient book size, for easy storage
and transport. The UNI-PAC 10 offers dual voltage charging for
12V and 24V, the UNI-PAC 15 and the UNI-PAC 30 are for 12V
charging. The UNI-PAC was designed to meet military
requirements for durability, performance and reliability. Tefzel (by
DuPont) serves as a strong, long-lasting front cover. Individual
solar laminates contain by-pass diodes, making the UNI-PAC
solar chargers tolerant of severe shadow or partial covering.
Charging rate and voltage can even be adjusted to meet specific
needs.
Dimensions & Specifications
Rated Power: 34.0 Watts
Operating Voltage: 17.6 Volts
Operating Current: 1.9 Amps
Open Circuit Voltage: 26.0 Volts
Short Circuit Current: 2.4 Amps
Size, Folded (LxWxH): 17" x 7" x 2"
Size, Deployed: 55.9" x 33.9"
Weight: 4.7 lbs

*
Kaneka Solar Panels
Model
Nominal Power (W)
OC Voltage (V)
SC Current (A)
Voltage in mpp (V)
Current in mpp (A)
Weight (kg)
Dimensions (mm)
GEA / GSA
60
92
1.19
67
0.9
13.7
990x960x40
Certifications and Qualifications
Kaneka 60 Watt Solar Module
Highlights:
*
*
*
*
*
*
Thin-film amorphous silicon panel

Superior performance under high temperature
High shade tolerance
MC Connectors
Black frame
Dimensions 39" x 37.8"
GEA
GSA
- IEC61646
- Safety Class II equipment
- CE mark UL Listed
- CEC registered
*25 Year Power Output Warranty
GEA/GSA PV module will maintain more than 80% of
minimum rated power for 25 years (based on data from
silicon PV modules installed over a month under
conditions of 25C, A.M. 1.5 and 100mW / cm2).
Kaneka 60 Watt Solar Modules
$269.00

Yingli YL80 80 Watt Solar Module
Yingli makes high efficiency polycrystalline solar modules. Power

tolerance is a respectable 5% so you can be assured you will be receiving
at least 95% of the wattage specified.
Modules are made with tempered high transmission glass with
antireflective coating, EVA encapsulant, TPT backsheet and aluminum
frame with predrilled holes for mounting. Water proof junction box
contains cord grip connectors, bypass diodes and barrel sleeve connector
for use with special pinout connectors (available with 10 USE 10 ga.
below).
Warranty is 25 years. Modules larger than 65 watts are packaged 2 per
shipping box.

R15-1200 Rollable Solar Charger
Iowa Thin Film Technologies
Because PowerFilm integrated solar panels (thin film on plastic)

are developed and manufactured with a proprietary roll-to-roll
process, by Iowa Thin Film Technologies, they are truly rollable unlike
other thin film technologies that are only somewhat flexible.
PowerFilm solar panels are monolithically integrated which
eliminates the need for damage-prone manual connections of
individual solar cells. PowerFilm is made of silicon, a natural
resource in abundant supply. Also PowerFilm performs well in
diverse enviroments, including hot sun, and does not suffer from
wasted over-voltage. Cadmium Free.
Direct Power
12V systems can be directly powered with PowerFilm Rollable
Solar Panels. As with any solar technology, the solar panel power
output must be greater than the power consumption of the 12V
system.
Technical Specifications
Operating Voltage (V)
15.4
Operating Current (Amps)

Weight (lbs)
R15-1200 Rollable Solar Charger
$274.00
1.2
1.9
Rolled Dimensions (in ))
12x4.25x4.5
Unrolled Dimensions (in)
12x73
PV solar panel PERIPHIRALS specifications
Zomeworks Universal Trackers
Universal* Track Rack Sizes:

UTR 020 - 20 Sq. Ft. Module Space
UTRK 040 - 40 Sq. Ft. Module Space
UTR F64 - 64 Sq. Ft. Module Space
UTRF 168 Zomeworks Universal Tracker
Six Sizes Fit All
The Zomeworks Universal Rack System allows for almost limitless adjustment in
both the east-west and north-south directions. Available in six standard sizes for
holding 2 to 32 modules, Universal Track Racks are designed to fit all common
photovoltaic modules, including ASE, Astro Power/PV, BP/Solarex, Evergreen,
First Solar, Kyocera, Photowatt/Matrix, Sanyo, Sharp, Shell/Siemens/Arco,
SunWize, UniSolar, and most other popular modules. This flexibility translates to
faster delivery, better quality and overall economy.
Solar Decathlon 2005 PV panel Specifications
KONARKA

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MIT SOLAR DECATHLON

AVAILABLE SOLAR PANELS

Solar cells are semiconductor devices

How PV Cells Work

A typical silicon PV cell is composed

Sunlight strikes the cell, photons with energy above the

When sunlight strikes the surface of a PV

Diagram of photovoltaic cell.

PV Cells, Modules, & Arrays

Photons with energies below the

Photovoltaic cells are connected electrically in series

Depending on the functional and operational requirements of the system,

Diagram of stand-alone PV system

functional and operational

how the equipment is

The two principle classifications are

Diagram of grid-connected photovoltaic system

photovoltaic hybrid system.

Stand-alone PV systems are

How PV Cells Are Made

An aluminized conductive material is

Image: A solar cell, made from a poly-crystalline silicon wafer

PV manufacturers> Spire BIPV

Spire Corporation - Headquarters

BIPV is Building Integrated Photovoltaics.

Spire offers SPI-LINE turnkey production lines

Spire provides state of the art production lines for the

PV manufacturers> Spire > considered leading in BIPV

Ground Mounted Systems

Pole & Structure Mounted Systems

Spire installation examples

PV manufacturers > Spire > considered leading in BIPV

Curtain Wall Systems

Spire BIPV system case studies

PV manufacturers >Spire > considered leading in BIPV

InSpire Solar Data Monitoring

InSpire Solar Data Monitoring

BIPV systems enable architects and designers to develop

* Each module is individually tested to ensure field performance meets or exceeds

* String Ribbon polycrystalline solar cells outperform

Cedar Series Photovoltaic Modules

PV manufacturers > > LOCAL INNOVATIVE PV COMPANY

Evergreen Solar and Q-Cells Announce Partnership with REC

The Company maintains strong ties to

The figure above illustrates the patented String Ribbon

SunPowers A-300 Solar Cell

Our SPR-200 solar panels feature a unique,

PV manufacturers LEADER IN EFFIENCY

SunPowers Technology Path

Dr. Swanson (n 1988 Dr. Swanson founded SunPower to

The 22%-efficient lightweight solar cells were

PV manufacturers LEADER IN EFFIENCY

Superior Performance, Superior Aesthetics

Solar cells are semiconductor devices that directly convert sunlight

Available Solar Panels

PV manufacturers > AVAILABLE SOLAR PANELS

PV solar panel specifications BP Solar BP-4170S, 170 Watt Solar Panel

PV solar panel specifications

170 watt-783.00 160 watt 799. 160 watt 725.

150 watt 699.

125 watt 629.00 125 watt 599. 80 watt 520.

PV solar panel specifications

Evergreen Solar EC-102-GD, 102 Watt Solar Panel

Evergreen Solar EC-110-GD, 110 Watt