BIOKIMIA:

Pendahuluan

Prof. Dr.sc.agr. Ir. Suyadi, MS.

Tata Tertib Kuliah

Tepat waktu, toleransi maks. 15 menit
Tidak Berisik
HP tidak diaktifkan
Hadir minimal 70% boleh ujian
Paham bahasa Indonesia & Inggris
Baca salah satu / dua buku acuan
Pakaian rapi
Kerjakan Tugas, Mid, & Ujian
Ujian bisa lisan

Tujuan Perkuliahan
Mengenalkan dan memahamkan dasar
biokimia : Kosakata (istilah dan struktur
kimia), tatabahasa (reaksi-reaksi kimia),
struktur kalimat (Jalur metabolisme) dan arti
(keterkaitan metabolik)

Buku Acuan
1. Trudy McKee and James McKee. 2003. Biochemistry: The
Molecular Basis of Life. Third edition. McGraw-Hill, Boston.
2. Lehninger, Nelson, & Cox. 1997. Principles of
Biochemistry.2nd edition. Worth Publishers.
3. Albert L. Lehninger. 1995. Dasar-dasar Biokimia. (Alih
bahasa: Maggy Thenawidjaja). Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta.
4. Koolman J. dan K-H.Roehm. 1994. Atlas Berwarna dan
Teks BIOKIMIA (aliha bahasa: Inawati-Wanandi I, 2001).
Penerbit Hipokrates, Jakarta.
5. David S. Page. 1995. Prinsip-prinsip Biokimia. Penerbit
Unair, Surabaya.
6. Soeharsono. 1982. Biokimia I dan II. Gadjah Mada
University Press, Yogyakarta.
7. Ngili, Y. 2010. Biokimia Dasar. Penerbit Rekayasa,
Bandung.

Dari rumput menjadi daging dan susu

Fresh grass

hay

Silage

Dari pakan konsentrat menjadi

daging dan telur

Dari makanan menjadi manusia

What is biochemistry?
Definition:

Websters dictionary: Bios = Greek,

meaning life The chemistry of living
organisms; the chemistry of the processes
incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

WebNet dictionary: Biochemistry is the

organic chemistry of compounds and
processes occuring in organisms; the effort
to understand biology within the context of
chemistry.

What is biochemistry?
Understanding biological forms and functions in
chemical terms
Biochemistry aims to understand how the lifeless
molecules interact to make the complexity and
efficiency of the life phenomena and to explain the
diverse forms of life in unifying chemical terms.

Issues addressed by biochemistry

What are the chemical and three-dimensional structure of
biomolecules?
How do biomolecules interact with each other?
How does the cell synthesize and degrade biomolecules?
How is energy conserved and used by the cell?
What are the mechanisms for organizing biomolecules
and coordinating their activities?
How is genetic information stored, transmitted, and
expressed?

 First to reveal the

chemical composition of
living organisms.

History of
Biochemistry
The biologically most
abundant elements are
only minor constituents of
the earths crust (which
contains 47% O, 28% Si,
7.9% Al, 4.5% Fe, and 3.5%
Ca).
The six principle elements
for life
are: C, H, N, O, P, and S.
99% of a cell is made of H, O, N, and C
Element

# unpaired es

Fractional
amount

2/3

1/4

1/70

1/10

Most of the elements in living matter have relatively low

atomic numbers; H, O, N and C are the lightest elements
capable of forming one, two, three and four bonds,
respectively.

The lightest elements form the

strongest bonds in general.

History of Biochemistry
Then to identify the types of molecules found in living
organisms.

Amino Acids

Nucleotides
Carbohydrates
Lipids

History of Biochemistry
Then to understand how the biomolecules make life to be life.

Relationship between Biochemistry and

other subjects
Organic chemistry, which describes the
properties of biomolecules.
Biophysics, which applies the techniques of
physics to study the structures of biomolecules.
Medical research, which increasingly seeks to
understand disease states in molecular terms.
Nutrition, which has illuminated metabolism by
describing the dietary requirements for
maintenance of health.
Physiology: in relation with the all process of
maco- and micro molecules in cellular-, tissue or
organ levels to give an output

Relationship between
Biochemistry and other subjects
Microbiology, which has shown that singlecelled organisms and viruses are ideally
suited for the elucidation of many metabolic
pathways and regulatory mechanisms.
Physiology, which investigates life
processes at the tissue and organism levels.
Cell biology, which describes the
biochemical division of labor within a cell.
Genetics, which describes mechanisms that
give a particular cell or organism its
biochemical identity.

Life needs 3
things:

(1) ENERGY, which it

must know how to:
Extract
Transform
Utilize

Life needs 3 things:

(2) SIMPLE MOLECULES, which it
must know how to:
Convert
Polymerize
Degrade

(3) CHEMICAL
MECHANISMS, to:
Harness energy
Drive sequential chemical reactions
Synthesize & degrade macromolecules
Maintain a dynamic steady state
Self-assemble complex structures
Replicate accurately & efficiently
Maintain biochemical order vs outside

Trick #1: Life uses chemical coupling to

drive otherwise unfavorable reactions

Trick #2: Life uses enzymes to

speed up otherwise slow reactions

How does an enzyme do it,

thermodynamically?

How does an enzyme do it,

mechanistically?

The Versatile Carbon Atom

is the Backbone of Life

Chemical Isomers Interconversion requires

breaking covalent bonds

Stereoisomers:
Chemically identical
Biologically different!

Stereoisomers:
Chemically identical
Biologically different!

Biochemical Transformations Fall into

Five Main Groups

Group transfer reactions

Oxidation-reduction reactions
Rearrangements
(isomerizations)
Cleavage reactions
Condensation reactions

Biomolecules Structure
Anabolic

Building block
Simple sugar
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Fatty acid
Catabolic

Macromolecul
e
Polysaccharide
Protein
(peptide)
RNA or DNA

Biosynthesis
Requires
Simple
Molecules to
Combine
Covalently in
Many Ways

Bond strength includes dependence on

1. Relative electronegativities of the two atoms

High electronegativity = High affinity for electrons

O
Cl

3.5
3.0

3.0

2.5

2.1

2.1

Na
K

0.9
0.8

2. The number of bonding

electrons

Common Bond Strengths

Approx. Avg.
Triple:

820 kJ/mole

Double: 610 kJ/mole

Single: 350 kJ/mole

Common Functional
Groups

Important
Biological
Nucleophiles:
Electron-rich
functional
groups

In summary
Tetrahedral carbon has versatile
bonding properties
Compounds with many atoms may
exist in many isomeric forms
Interconversion requires breaking
chemical bonds
Large molecules are built from small
ones by making new chemical bonds

TUGAS...!