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Exponents
An exponent is used to show that a
number has been multiplied by itself a
certain number of times.
24 =2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16
The number that is multiplied is called
the base and the power to which the
base is raised is the exponent.
By definition, any number raised to the
power of 0 is 1.
Manipulation of
Exponents
To multiply two numbers in the same
base, add the exponents.
53 x 52 = 55
106 x 10-4 = 102
To divide two numbers in the same
base, subtract the exponents.
Manipulation of
Exponents
To raise an exponential number to a
higher power, multiply the two
exponents.
(53)2 = 56
(106)-4 = 10-24
Manipulation of
Exponents
To multiply or divide numbers with
exponents that have different
bases, convert the numbers to their
corresponding values without
exponents, and then multiply or
divide.
52 x 42 = (5 x 5)(4 x 4) = 400
103/2-2 = 1000/-0.25 = 4000
Manipulation of
Exponents
To add or subtract numbers with
exponents (whether their bases are
the same or not), convert the
numbers with exponents to their
corresponding values without
exponents.
43 + 23 = 64 + 8 = 72
Base 10
Base 10 is the most commonly
used system of exponents.
Base 10 underlies percentages,
and the decimal system, orders
of magnitude, scientific notation
and logarithms.
Scientific Units also use Base
10.
Use of Exponents in
Base 10
1,000,000 = 106 = one million
100,000 = 105 = one hundred
thousand
10,000 =
104 = ten thousand
1,000 =
103 = one thousand
100 =
102 = one hundred
10=
101 = ten
1=
100 = one
Use of Exponents in
Base 10
0.1 = 10-1 = one tenth
(10%)
0.01=
10-2 = one hundredth
(1%)
0.001 = 10-3 = one thousandth (0.1%)
0.0001 = 10-4 = one ten thousandth
0.00001=10-5 = one hundred thousandth
0.00001=10-6 = one millionth
Orders of Magnitude
One order of magnitude is 101 or
10 times.
A number is said to be orders of
magnitude bigger or smaller
than another number.
102 is two orders of magnitude
smaller than 104.
Scientific Notation
Useful for very small and very large
numbers.
A number written in scientific notation
is written as a number between 1
and 10 raised to a power.
The first part is called the coefficient
and the second part is 10 raised to
some power.
Conversion to Scientific
Notation
Conversion to Scientific
Notation
0.5467 = 5.467-3
Scientific Notation
Number
Coefficient Exponent
1000
1X
103
100,000,000
1X
108
0.0000000000000
000000000602
6.02 X
10-23
Multiplication in
Scientific Notation
To multiply numbers in scientific
notation, use two steps:
Multiply the coefficients together.
Add the exponents to which 10 is raised.
Division in Scientific
Notation
To divide numbers in scientific notation,
use two steps:
Divide the coefficients.
Subtract the exponents to which 10 is
raised.
(6.0 x 102)/(3.0 x 10-4) =
(6.0 / 3.0)(102-4) =
2.0 x 10-2 =
0.02
Addition/Subtraction in
Scientific Notation
If the numbers are the same
exponent, just add or subtract the
coefficients.
3.0 x 104
+ 4.5 x 104
7.5 x 104
Addition/Subtraction in
Scientific Notation
If the numbers are different
exponents, convert both to
standard notation and perform the
calculation.
(2.05 x 102) (9.05 x 10-1) =
205 - 0.905 = 204.095
Addition/Subtraction in
Scientific Notation
If the numbers have different exponents,
convert one number so they have 10 raised
to the same power and perform the
calculation.
Common Logarithms
Common logarithms (also called
logs or log10) are closely related to
scientific notation.
The common log of a number is the
power to which 10 must be raised to
give that number.
The antilog is the number
corresponding to a given logarithm.
pH uses natural logarithms.
Common Logarithms of
Powers of Ten
Number
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
Name
Power
Log
Ten thousand 104
4
One thousand 103
3
One hundred
102
2
Ten
101
1
One
100
One tenth
10-1
-1
One hundredth 10-2
-2
International System of
Units
Length
meter m
Mass
kilogram kg
Time
second s
Electric current
ampere A
Temperature
Kelvin K
Amount of substance
mole mol
Luminous intensity
candela cd
Time Units
Temperature
The Kelvin, unit of thermodynamic
temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of
the thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water.
Temperature T, is commonly defined in
terms of its difference from the reference
temperature T0 = 273.15 K, the ice point.
This temperature difference is called a
Celsius temperature, symbol t, and is
defined by the quantity equation
t= T- T0.
Number
Avocado
Avogadro
Moles
You should specify if you have a
mole of atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons, or other particles, or
specified groups of such particles.
1024
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
101
yotta
zetta
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
Y
Z
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
z
y
Kilogram Kg
Gram
g
1
Milligram mg
Microgram
g
Nanogram
ng
Picogram
pg
Femtogram fg
103 g
g
10-3 g
10-6 g
10-9 g
10-12 g
10-15 g