RELIGION

is any set of coherent answers to the

dilemmas of human existence that
makes the world meaningful
how human beings express their
feelings about such ultimate concerns
as sickness or death
is the socially defined patterns of beliefs
concerning the ultimate meaning of life
(Stark)

a system of beliefs and rituals that

serves to bind people together through
shared worship, thereby creating a
social group.
set of beliefs and practices that pertain
to a sacred or supernatural real that
guides human behavior and gives
meaning to life among a community of
believers.

(Travers and Rebore) as that which

involves:
*a belief about the meaning of life
*a commitment by the individual and
the group to this belief
*a system of moral practices resulting
from a commitment to this belief
*a recognition by the proponents of
this belief that is supreme or absolute

CHARACTERISTI
CS OF RELIGION

Belief in a deity or in power beyond the

individual
A doctrine (accepted teaching) of
salvation
A code of conduct
The use of sacred stories
Religious rituals

FUNCTIONS OF
RELIGION

Religion serves as a means of social control

It exerts a great influence upon personality
development
Religion allays fear of the unknown
Religion explains events or situations which
are beyond the comprehension of man
It gives man comfort, strength and hope in
times of crisis and despair
It preserves and transmits knowledge,
skills, spiritual and cultural values and
practices

It serves as an instrument of change

It promotes closeness, love,
cooperation, friendliness and
helpfulness
Religion alleviates sufferings from major
calamities
It provides hope for a blissful life after
death

CHURCH
tends to be large, with inclusive membership,
in low tension with surrounding society.
Church tends toward greater intellectual
examination and interpretation of the tenants
of religion.

SECT
has a small, exclusive membership, high
tension with society. It tends toward the
emotional, mystic, stress faith, feeling,
conversion experience, to be born again.
Fundamental, literal in teaching biblical
passages are the literal words of God mean
literally what they say, people are to do what
the passages say.

CULTS
are referred to as the more innovative
institutions and are formed when people
create new religious beliefs and
practices.

THREE TYPES OF CULTS

Audience cults
which are characterized by doctrines
delivered to consumers via TV, radio or
in printed materials

Client cults
which have religious leaders who
offer specific services to their followers

Cult movements
which are client cults that have been
enlarged because of a closely-knit organization

ELEMENTS OF RELIGION

Sacred and profane

Legitimation of norms
Rituals
Religious community

ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS

MICROECONOMICS
Concerned with the specific economic
units of parts that makes an economic
system and the relationship between
those parts.

MACROECONOMICS
Concerned with the economy as a
whole, or large segments of it.

MICROECONOMICS
LOOKS AT THE TREES,
WHILE
MACROECONOMICS
LOOKS AT THE FOREST.

THREE BASIC ECONOMIC

PROBLEMS

What goods and services to produce and

how much
How to produce goods and services
For whom are the goods services

GOVERNMENT
AS A SOCIAL
INSTITUTION

GOVERNMENT

The institution which resolves conflicts that

are public in nature and involve more than a
few people.
The institution by which an independent
society makes and carries out those rules of
action which are necessary to enable men to
live in a social state, or which are imposed
upon the people for that society by those who
possess the power or authority of prescribing
them. (Supreme Court of the Philippines)

THREE BRANCHES OF
PHILIPPINES GOVERNMENT:

Executive Branch
Legislative Branch
Judicial Branch

POLITICS
The pattern of human interaction that
serves to resolve conflicts between people,
institutions and nations.

ADMINISTRATION
The aggregate persons in whose hands the
reigns of government are for the time being.

FUNCTIONS OF
GOVERNMENT

The constituent functions

The ministrant functions

THE CONSTITUENT
FUNCTIONS

The keeping of order and providing for the

protection of persons and property from
violence and robbery
The fixing of the legal relations between
husband and wife, and between parents
and children
The regulation of the holding,
transmission, and interchange of property,
and the determination of its liabilities for
the debt or for crime
The determination of contractual rights
between individuals

The definition and punishment of crimes

The administration of justice in civil
cases
The administration of political duties,
privileges, and relations of citizens
The dealings of the State with foreign
growers, the preservation of the state
from external danger or encroachment
and the advancement of its international
affairs and interests