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Stress Analysis ME-416

Lecture 12
Shahbaz Mahmood
Khan
Research Associate
Office G10, Faculty Lobby, FME
E-mail: shahbaz@giki.edu.pk
Ext: 2209

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL

Strain Measurements and Strain Gages


Strain gages measure
the change in
resistance, that can
be transduced to a
strain measurement

Strain Measurements and Strain Gages


Basically:
R R( , L , A )
R
R
R
R
d
dL
dA

L
A
L L LA
R

A
A
A2
R L A

L
A
put , L / L ; A ( 1 )2 A A
Thus ,
R

( 1 2 )
R

if ,

R
S A ;
R
then ,


S A ( 1 2 )

Mohrs Circle for Strain


What do we need to
construct one?
(xx, yy, xy) OR (1,
2)
In most practical
cases we have no
clue about principal
direction so we live
with (xx, yy, xy).
But is a single strain
gage enough?

Mohrs Circle for Strain

Mohrs Circle for Strain

Example
Rectangular rosette.
Use strain
transformation equation
for plane strain put
=45, we get,

As strain gage A and C


are aligned with
assumed x and y axes.

Example

LINEAR STRESS-STRAIN
TEMPERATURE
RELATIONS
Chapter 3

First Law of thermodynamics


The WORK performed on a mechanical
system by external forces plus the HEAT
that flows into the system from outside
equals the increase in INTERNAL ENERGY
plus the increase in KINETIC ENERGY.

Application of First Law


Consider a system in equilibrium.
The deflections for each point on the
deflected member are represented by (u, v,
w).
The deflections are assumed to be known.
The infinitesimal change in deflections are
(u, v, w). Thus, the strain produced will
be:

Application of First Law


Lets assume that the NO heat enters or
exits the system (i.e. Adiabatic conditions)
in static equilibrium:
i.e. H=0 and K=0. So the first law is
modified as:
The work done on the system is divided into
two parts:
1) Work due to Surface forces.
2) Work due to Body forces.

Application of first Law


The surface forces are given terms of the
surface integral as:

Application of First Law


The Body forces are presented in
terms of volume integral as they act
on every point in the volume:
The surface integral may be
converted to volume integral by
differentiating the forces on the
plane w.r.t. the direction of their
plane normal (divergence
theorem).

Application of First Law


By Divergence theorem, and combination of these
integrals:

Expanding the differentials and rearranging we have:

As:

Application of First Law


Internal Energy per unit Volume is given
by the volume integral:
Where, Uo is the internal energy density.
Thus,

Elasticity and Internal-Energy Density


Each Stress component is related to strain
component.
For elastic material behavior the internal
energy equals the potential energy of the
internal forces.
The potential energy of the internal forces
is called the ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY.

Elasticity and Internal-Energy Density


The strain energy density/Internal energy
density is a function of space coordinates,
strain components and temperature:
Or the change in internal energy is
represented by chain rule as:

Or,

Elasticity and Complementary Internal


Energy
In the stress strain curve the are below the
curve is called the strain/internal energy
density Uo.
And the area above the curve till the
maximum stress is called the
complementary strain energy Co. As seen
below:

Elasticity and Complementary Internal


Energy
So using complementary internal energy one
can represent strain components in terms of
stress components:

They are the conjugates of the relation of


stress in terms of strain components.

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END OF LECTURE 12

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