ELETRICAL

INSTALLATION
(EET0142)

EARTHING SYSTEM
TTO : MOHAMAD FITRI
BIN JASNI
NAME
Mohd Khalied Hafeez Bin
Sulziami
Mohd Zulkhairi Bin Mahmud
Muhamad Sharulnizam Bin
Che Azhar

ID NUMBER
IPM151115
IPM151065
IPM151234

WHAT IS "EARTHING" IN ELECTRICAL

TERMS?
Earthing, commonly known as grounding, refers to a
system designed to protect electrical wires and
components from damage caused by sudden electrical
power surges.

APPLICATION OF EARTHING

Protect human against lightning and earth fault condition.

Protect the premises against lightning and earth fault
condition.
Provide low resistance and safe path for lightning and fault
current.

FUNCTIONS OF EARTHING SYSTEM

Equipment Earth : Path for fault current, lower touch

voltage, protection against electric shock.
Lightning Earth : Low resistance path to diverse the current
under lightning attack.
Telecom Earth : Signal Earth, reduce noise and interference,
stabilize DC supply voltage and prevent electric shock.
Computer Earth : Reduce interference, maintain supply
voltages.

TWO CLASSES OF PROTECTION

Class 1 protection Use of barrier/insulation and connection of

conductor to equipment metallic enclosure in order to protect a

Class 2 protection Beside of the basic insulation, addition laye

apply to enclosure. Therefore no extraneous conductive part. Th
layer is independent to the basic insulation so that under failure
Insulation, it offers additional protection.

TYPE OF EARTHING

Supply system Neutral Earth

System earth
Eletrical safety earth
Lightning earth
Generator earth
Protection earth
Shielding earth
Eletrostatic earth

CLASSISFICATIONS
The first letter indicates the relationship of
the power system to earth:
>> T = direct connection to earth of one
point, usually the neutral, in ac systems
>> I = all live parts isolated from earth or
one point, usually the neutral, connected to
earth through an impedance.

CLASSISFICATIONS

The second letter indicates the relationship

of the exposed-conductive- parts of the
installation to earth:
>> T = direct electrical connection of
exposed-conductive parts to earth
>> N = direct electrical connection of the
exposed-conductive parts to the earthed
point of the power system.

CLASSISFICATIONS
Subsequent letters, if any, indicates the
arrangement of neutral and protective
conductors:
S = neutral and protective
provided by separate conductors

functions

C = neutral and protective functions

combined in a single conductor (PEN
conductor).

CLASSISFICATIONS
For TN-S, TN-C-S and TT systems the following
explanations should aid a full understanding of the
earthing arrangements and their scope of
application.
The nomenclature of these system types is as
follows:
T =Earth (from the French word Terre)
N=Neutral
S=Separate
C=Combined

TT SYSTEMS

This arrangement covers installations

provided with an earth terminal by
Electricity Supply Company.

not
the

Thus it is the method employed by most

(usually rural) installations fed by an overhead
supply.

TT SYSTEMS
Neutral and earth (protective) conductors
must be kept quite separate throughout the
installation, with the final earth terminal
connected to an earth electrode by means of
an earthing conductor.

TT SYSTEMS
The earth fault current returns to the power
supply node through the soil.
In this type of electrical installations the neutral
is usually distributed and its function is making
the phase voltage (e.g. 240 V) available for the
supply of the single-phase loads of civil
installations.
Effective earth connection is sometimes difficult.
Because of this, socket outlet circuits must be
protected by a residual current device (RCD) with
an operating current of 30 mA.

TT SYSTEMS
Effective
difficult.

earth

connection

is

sometimes

Because of this, socket outlet circuits must be

protected by a residual current device (RCD)
with an operating current of 30 mA.

TT SYSTEMS

TN SYSTEMS
In TN systems, the neutral is directly earthed,
whereas the exposed-conductive-parts are
connected to the same earthing arrangement
of the neutral.
TN electrical systems can be divided into
three types based on the fact that the neutral
and protective conductors are separate or not:

1) TN-S
2) TN-C
3) TN-C-S

TN SYSTEMS: TN-S
The neutral conductor N and the protective
conductor PE are separated

TN SYSTEMS: TN-S

TN SYSTEMS: TN-C
TN-C: the neutral and protective functions are
combined into a single conductor, called PEN.

TN SYSTEMS: TN-C-S
TN-C-S: the neutral and protective functions
are partially combined into a single PEN
conductor and partially separated PE + N

TN SYSTEMS: TN-C-S

TN SYSTEMS
In TN systems the earth fault current returns
to the power supply node through a direct
metal connection (PE or PEN conductor)
without practically affecting the earth
electrode

IT SYSTEMS
The installation arrangements in the IT system
are the same for those of the TT system.
However,
different.

the

supply

earthing

is

totally

The IT system can have an unearthed supply,

or one which is not solidly earthed but is
connected to earth through a current limiting
impedance.

IT SYSTEMS
The total lack of earth in some cases, or the
introduction of current limiting into the earth
path, means that the usual methods of
protection will not be effective.
For this reason, IT systems are not allowed in
the public supply system.
An exception is in medical situations such as
hospitals. Here it is recommended that an IT
system is used for circuits supplying medical
equipment that is intended to be used for lifesupport of patients.
The method is also sometimes used where a
supply for special purposes is taken from a
private generator.

IT SYSTEMS
The earth fault current returns to the power
supply node through the earthing arrangement
of the exposed conductive parts and the
capacities to earth of the line conductors.

CONCLUSION

ding and earthing for the first line of defense in every type of electrical s
stem may be a generator, transformer, housing, installation, generating
t is strictly advice to know the basic concepts of grounding as far as elec
engineering is concerned.

THANK YOU
Terima Kasih