Hasimah Azit

Sexual and Asexual

Reproduction
Sexual reproduction occurs when a new individual

is formed through the union of two sex cells

(gametes).

produce zygote
Haploid gametes formed by meiosis in sex organs

(gonads).

Asexual reproduction occurs when genetically

identical cells are produced from a single parent

cell by mitosis.
fission or budding

Adi Ahmad Danish

Gametogenesis
Gamete production
By meiosis
The chromosomal number in gamete is half of

chromosomal number in parent cell

Gamete will carry different genetic constitution

-Testis is located in scrotum, outside the body to maintain the low

temperature [suitable for gamete production]
-Inside the testes, seminiferous tubule is densely coiled, connected to
epididymis that connected to vas deferans that connected to semenal
vesicle.

Male Reproductive System

Male accessory sex organs
epididymis
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
urethra

Spermatogenesis

Testis and Spermatogenesis

spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium
Mitosis

Primary Spermatocyte
Meiosis I

Secondary Spermatocyte
Meiosis II

Spermatid

Differentiation

Spermatozoa

Differentiation

sperm

Male Reproductive System

Spermatozoa
Head encloses nucleus and capped by an acrosome -

contains enzymes that aid in egg penetration.

body and tail provide propulsion

Epididymis Nonmotile
sperm arrive in
Epididymus Tubules on outer Epididymus
surface of testis
where sperm
mature (18 hrs.)
and are stored.

1. Prostate gland - large gland behind

urinary bladder and produces
seminal fluid.
2. Seminal vesicles - paired glands at
bases of vas deferentia and produce
seminal fluid.
Seminal fluid serves as a lubricant,
pH buffer, and nutrient (high in
sugars)

seminal
vesicle
prostate

Male Reproductive System

Hormonal control of male reproduction
FSH stimulates the Sertoli to facilitate sperm

development.
LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete
testosterone.
Principle negative feedback inhibition applies
to FSH and LH secretion.

UTERUS and OVARY

Ovari

Oogenesis
Ovum production process
Occurs in ovary
Oocyte develop simultaneously with

the development of follicle.

Female Reproductive System

Menstrual and estrous cycles
At birth, a females ovaries contain

approximately 2 million follicles.

Some follicles are stimulated to
develop each cycle.
Human menstrual cycle lasts
approximately one month, and is
commonly divided into a follicular
phase and a luteal phase.

I want to learn to
some more
Please ..

Oogenesis
Oogonium
mitosis
Oocyte primer
Meiosis I
Secondary oocyte + polar body

Meiosis II

Ovum + polar body

Sperm

Graafian follicle

Inside the fallopian tube

Secondary Oocyte

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
NOTES
QUIZ

Ovum and
sperm

Mitosis

Oooh overdosed already

5 weeks

8 weeks

6 weeks

9 weeks

7 weeks

12 weeks

14 weeks

20 weeks

16 weeks

18 weeks

24 weeks

Baby grow?

Before birth

After birth

Placenta

Substances that able to diffuse

across
the placenta from mother to
Oxygen
fetus:
Amino Acid
Glucose
Fatty acid and glycerol
Vitamin
Antibody
Any virus, drugs, alchohol.

Substances that able to diffuse

across the placenta from fets to
mother blood:
Carbon dioxide
Uric acid
Urea

Milk production

Normal delivery

Problems in reproduction
Infertility in male and female
----find the causes
Ectopic pregnancy
Family planning

Ectopic pregnancy

Procidentia

Placenta abnormal position

Hormone involve
Pituitary secretes:
FSH [Follicle Stimulating Hormone] stimulate the
development of follicle in the ovary
LH [Luteinizing stimulate ovulation
From ovary:
Follicle cells produce Estrogen
- stimulate the endometrial wall (uterine lining) after
menstrual
Corpus luteum produces Progestrone
- stimulate and maintain the thickness of endometrial.

Compilation of graph

Identical twin
Produce after fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
Membentuk satu zigot
Diperingkat morula berlaku pemisahan tisu kepada dua dua fetus

berkembang serentak
Berkongsi plasenta
Ciri-ciri:
Jantina

sama
Rupa paras sama

Fraternal / non-identical twin

Fraternal twin
Two ovum produce at a time
Fertilezed by two sperm
Two zigotes formed
Not sharing the plasenta
Developed into two babies with:
Same or different gender
Different feature

Siamese twin

Group discussion:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Male and female infertility

Sperm bank
Invitro fertilization
GIFT
IVF
Surrogate mother
Family planning

Natural way.

Infertility has been defined as the

inability of a couple to conceive
after one year of regular intercourse
without the use of contraceptives.
The definition has also come
to include couples who are able to
conceive but, due to repeated miscarriages,
are unable to carry a pregnancy to term.

causes of infertility
>>>In men, these include environmental
and hormonal factors that affect the production of
healthy, motile sperm and normal semen, as well as
blockages that affect the delivery of sperm
>>>In women, the causes are more varied since she plays a
greater role in reproduction. First, one of the organs involved
in reproduction may be absent, mal-formed or non-functional.
Second, the organs may be normal, but the complex
hormonal feedback system that is necessary to
support follicular development, ovulation and implantation
of the fertilized egg may be disrupted

If there are enough sperms ?

>>less than 20 million sperm per ml,

this is considered to be a low
sperm count.
>>Less than 10 million is very low.

# Whether the sperms are

moving well or not
Grade a ( fast progressive) sperms are those
which swim forward fast in a straight line
Grade b ( slow progressive) sperms swim forward,
but either in a curved or crooked line,
Grade c ( nonprogressive) sperms move their tails,
but do not move forward ( local motility only).
Grade d ( immotile ) sperms do not move at all

Whether the sperms are

normally shaped or not
>> a good sperm should have a regular
oval head, with a connecting mid-piece
and a long straight tail.

>> abnormal
* round heads;
* pin heads;
* very large heads;
* double heads;
* absent tails