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Inductors
6.1 Introduction
Resistor: a passive element which dissipates
energy only
Two important passive linear circuit elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
6.2 Capacitors
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
A
d
r 0
C
0 8.854 10 12 (F/m)
A
C
d
Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
1.
2.
3.
Fig 6.4
Fig 6.5
Variable capacitors
Fig 6.3
Fig 6.2
10
Charge in Capacitors
The relation between the charge in plates and the
voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q Cv
1F 1 C/V
Linear
Nonlinear
11
12
+
v
i
C
dq
dv
q Cv, i
C
dt
dt
13
Physical Meaning
dv
iC
dt
+
v
i
C
14
Fig 6.7
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.
Abrupt change
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dv
iC
dt
1 t
v(t ) idt
C
1 t
v(t ) idt v(to)
C to
v() 0
v(to) q(to) / C
+
v
i
C
16
1
w(t ) Cv 2 (t )
2
( v( ) 0)
q 2 (t )
w(t )
2C
+
v
v (t )
v ( )
i
C
17
18
Example 6.1
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor
with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
19
Example 6.1
Solution:
(a) Since q Cv,
q 3 10
12
20 60pC
1 2 1
12
w Cv 3 10 400 600pJ
2
2
20
Example 6.2
The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
21
Example 6.3
Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
current through it is
i (t ) 6e
3000t
mA
1 t
v
idt
v
(
0
)
and
v
(
0
)
0
,
0
Since
C
3
t
1
3000 t
3 10 3000t t
3
v
6
e
dt 10
e
6 0
0
2 10
3000
(1 e
3000t
)V
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Example 6.4
Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor
whose voltage is shown in Fig 6.9.
23
Example 6.4
Solution:
The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
v(t )
50t V
0 t 1
100 50t V
1 t 3
200 50t V
3t 4
0 otherwise
24
Example 6.4
Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of to obtain
i (t ) 200 10
50
0 t 1 10mA
0 t 1
50
1 t 3 10mA
1 t 3
50 3 t 4
10mA
3t 4
0 otherwise
0 otherwise
25
Example 6.4
26
Example 6.5
Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in Fig.
6.12(a) under dc condition.
27
Example 6.5
Solution:
Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor with
an open circuit. By current division,
3
i
(6mA) 2mA
3 2 4
v1 2000 i 4 V, v 2 4000i 8 V
1
1
2
3
2
w1 C1v1 (2 10 )(4) 16mJ
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
w2 C2 v2 (4 10 )(8) 128mJ
2
2
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Fig 6.14
Ceq C1 C2 C3 .... C N
29
CK
Ceq
dt
k 1 dt
Ceq C1 C2 C3 .... C N
The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected
capacitors is the sum of the individual capacitance.
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Fig 6.15
1
1
1
1
1
...
Ceq C1 C2 C3
CN
31
Series Capacitors
v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t ) ... v N (t )
1
Ceq
1
1
1
1 t
id ( C1 C2 C3 ... C N )id
t
q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
q (t )
Ceq
C1
C2
CN
1
1 1
Ceq C1 C2
C1C2
Ceq
C1 C2
32
Summary
These results enable us to look the capacitor in this
way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the resistance.
The equivalent capacitor of capacitors connected in
parallel or series can be obtained via this point of
view, so is the Y- connection and its
transformation
33
Example 6.6
Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit in Fig 6.16.
34
Example 6.6
Solution:
4 F
20 5
4 F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 F
and 20 F capacitors:
4 6 20 30 F
30 F capacitor is in series with
the 60 F capacitor.
30 60
Ceq
F 20 F
30 60
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Example 6.7
For the circuit in Fig 6.18, find the voltage across
each capacitor.
36
Example 6.7
37
Example 6.7
Solution:
Two parallel capacitors:
Ceq
1
1 1 1
60 30 20
mF 10mF
3
Total qcharge
C v 10 10 30 0.3 C
eq
38
Example 6.7
Therefore,
v1
q
0.3
15 V,
3
C1
20 10
v2
q
0 .3
10 V
3
C2 30 10
v3 30 v1 v2 5V
5V
3
60mF
60 10
39
40
6.4 Inductors
An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire
N A
L
l
2
41
Fig 6.22
N 2 A
L
l
r 0
0 4 10 7 (H/m)
N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross sectional area.
: permeability of the core
42
Fig 6.23
(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core
43
Flux in Inductors
The relation between the flux in inductor and the
current through the inductor is given below.
Li
1H 1 Weber/A
Linear
Nonlinear
44
45
dt
i
+
v
dt
-
46
Physical Meaning
d
di
v
L
dt
dt
When the current through an inductor is a constant,
then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as
a short circuit.
No abrupt change of the current through an
inductor is possible except an infinite voltage across
the inductor is applied.
The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage,
for example, used as
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element.
47
Fig 6.25
An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.
48
1
di vdt
L
1 t
i v (t )dt
L
1 t
i v(t )dt i (to )
L to
+
v
L
-
49
di
P vi L i
dt
v
di
L
w pdt L idt
dt
i (t )
1 2
1 2
L i ( ) i di Li (t ) Li () i () 0,
2
2
t
1 2
w(t ) Li (t )
2
50
51
Example 6.8
The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te-5t
A. Find the voltage across the inductor and the
energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v L and L 0.1H,
dt
d
v 0.1 (10te 5t ) e 5t t (5)e 5t e 5t (1 5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w Li (0.1)100t 2 e 10t 5t 2 e 10t J
2
2
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Example 6.9
Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the
voltage across it is
2
30t , t 0
v(t )
t0
0,
1 t
Since i t v(t )dt i (t0 ) and L 5H.
L
3
t
1
t
2
i 0 30t dt 0 6 2t 3 A
5
3
0
53
Example 6.9
The power p vi 60t , and the energy stored is then
5
t 5
w pdt 0 60t dt 60
156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
5
Eq.(6.13), by writing
1 2
1
w(5) w(0) Li (5) Li (0)
2
2
1
3 2
(5)(2 5 ) 0 156.25 kJ
2
as obtained before.
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Example 6.10
Consider the circuit in
Fig 6.27(a). Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored in
the capacitor and
inductor.
55
Example 6.10
Solution:
(a ) Under dc condition : capacitor open circuit
12
i iL
2 A, vc 5i 10 V
1 5
(b)
1
1
2
wc Cvc (1)(10 ) 50J,
2
2
1 2 1
wL Li (2)(2 2 ) 4J
2
2
2
56
Inductors in Series
Leq L1 L2 L3 ... LN
57
Inductors in Parallel
1
1 1
1
Leq L1 L2
LN
58
v v1 v2 v3 ... v N
Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in
di
di
di
di
v L1 L2 L3 ... LN
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
( L1 L2 L3 ... LN )
dt
N
di
di
LK
Leq
dt
K 1 dt
Leq L1 L2 L3 ... LN
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Parallel Inductors
Using KCL,
But
1
i
Lk
1
ik
Lk
i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
t vdt ik (t0 )
o
1
1 t
vdt i1 (t0 ) t vdt is (t0 ) ...
LN
L2
0
1 1
1
...
LN
L1 L2
1
k 1 Lk
N
t vdt iN (t0 )
0
1 t
vdt ik (t0 )
vdt i (t0 )
t
Leq
k 1
N
60
61
Table 6.1
62
Example 6.11
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown
in Fig. 6.31.
63
Example 6.11
Solution:
64
65
Example 6.12
Find the circuit in Fig. 6.33,
i (t ) 4(2 e
If i (0) 1 mAfind
:
(a) i (0)
,
2
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )
10t
)mA.
66
Example 6.12
Solution:
(a ) i (t ) 4(2 e
10 t
67
Example 6.12
1 t
(c) i 0 v(t ) dt i (0)
L
1 t
120 t 10t
i1 (t ) 0 v2 dt i1 (0)
e
dt
5
mA
4
4 0
10 t t
3e
5 mA 3e 10t 3 5 8 3e 10t mA
0
1 t
120 t 10t
i2 (t ) 0 v2 dt i2 (0)
e dt 1mA
0
12
12
10 t t
e
1mA e 10t 1 1 e 10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i (t )
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