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Road Toll
BY A L LYSO N & E MMA

The Top 25 Causes For Car

Accidents

First 5

DISTRACTED DRIVING It is dangerous for drivers to divert their attention from the road to text, call, eat or talk to a passenger

SPEEDING Many drivers ignore the speed limits and drive much faster. The faster you drive, the slower your reaction time will be if you are in a
situation when you need to prevent an accident.

DRUNK DRIVING When you drink too much, you lose your ability to focus on what is happening and on how to function the vehicle.

RECKLESS DRIVING An accident can occur when drivers speed, tailgate or change lanes too quickly.

RAIN When it rains the roads get wet and slippery and the vehicles can spin out of control or skid when breaking

Video

"Without Seatbelt" Car Crash Compilation #1

Second 5

RUNNING RED LIGHTS Drivers who go through intersections when the lights are red can cause very bad side-impact collisions at high speeds

RUNNING STOP SIGNS each year thousands of car accidents occur because a driver ran a stop sign before looking

TENAGER DRIVERS When teenagers drive, their lack of experience and carefulness can often lead to accidents.

NIGHT DRIVING Driving in night doubles the risk of a car accident happening as you cant see whats coming up ahead

DESIGN DEFECTS Automobiles have hundreds of parts all that can cause accidents if something goes wrong with any one of them

Video

"Without Seatbelt" Car Crash Compilation #1

Third 5

UNSAFE LANE CHANGES when changing lanes, it is important to use blinkers so that other drivers know what you are doing

WRONG WAY DRIVING Drivers have been known to go down one-way streets the wrong way, causing an accident if a car is going the correct way

IMPROPER TURNS When signs are not clear or drivers ignore them, they can make improper turns which can result in a car accident

TAIL GATING Drivers can become impatient so they drive to close to the car in front of them. This leaves them with a lower reaction time if the car in front
stops suddenly.

DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS Drugs can mean that your mind becomes unclear or you dont have complete control of your body, then
you cant drive to your full ability

Video

"Without Seatbelt" Car Crash Compilation #1

Fourth 5

ICE Ice is a major cause of car accidents for cities with cold weather climates and can cause cars to spin out of control

SNOW Snow, like ice can be very slippery for places with colder climates

ROAD RAGE Every drivers seems to have some reason or another to be annoyed at another car, but some drivers let this rage overcome them,
leading to many needless accidents

POTHOLES Potholes can often cause drivers to blow a tire or lose control of their car if they are unable to avoid them

DROWSY DRIVING most of the car accidents that are the result of drowsy driving occur at night. If drivers are sleepy, then they are often not able to
concentrate

Video

"Without Seatbelt" Car Crash Compilation #1

And Lucky Last 5

TIRE BLOWOUTS Tire blowouts can happen to anyone at any time and can cause major problems if it happens to a large semi-truck.

FOG When driving in fog it is very difficult to see and therefore you are less aware of the things happening around you.

DEADLY CURVES deadly curves can be dangerous when drivers do not check to see if another car is coming or if they lose control of their car

ANIMAL CROSSINGS wild animals do not know the dangers of walking across a road so it is the drivers responsibility to make sure they drive slower and stay
alert

STREET RACING street racing not only causes lots of accidents but also very, very bad ones as the cars are going at a higher speed

Where Accidents Occur

Studies have proven that most of the car accidents occur close to the drivers home. They have found that 77% of
accidents that happened in 2001 occurred 24Km (15 miles) or less from their homes. This is because they start to
relax because driving through their neighbourhood is familiar and their brains go into autopilot as they have done
the same thing so many times before.
Many accidents also occur on the drivers daily commute as this is also familiar to them so they are less alert and
more relaxed. People have also been known to multitask while they are driving to work each day. They often read
the newspaper or eat to try to save time.
Parking lots can also cause accidents and it is not uncommon for two cars backing out of a parking spot to smash
into each other. Even though cars are going at a low speed, it can cause expensive repairs, but hardly ever cause
deaths.

Types of Injuries caused because of Car Accidents

NECK INJURIES a common injury caused by car accidents are

neck injuries. They can happen in mild forms such as whiplash
and neck strain, or more serious ones such as cervical dislocation
and disc injury.

Types of Injuries caused because of Car Accidents

SPINAL CORD INJURIES spinal cord injuries can be caused

when, displaced bone fragments, dis material or ligaments,
bruise or tear into spinal cord tissue, destroying axons (the part
of our nerve cells that carry signals up/down the spinal cord
between the brain and the rest of the body. Damaged spinal
cords often means that the person will lose function or feeling in
a part of their body.

Types of Injuries caused because of Car Accidents

BACK INJURIES Lower back injuries are the most common

types of back injuries cause by car accidents and this includes
sprains and strains, herniated discs and fractured vertebrae. Back
injuries are very serious as the victim often does not notice the
symptoms for even the most serious of back injuries until long
after the accident. These injuries can cause long-lasting pain and
discomfort and can also limit your mobility

Types of Injuries caused because of Car Accidents

FACIAL INJURIES commonly facial injurie in cars are caused

because of the steering wheel, dashboard, air bags, windshield,
side window, car seat or shattered glass. Some injuries are more
fatal than others such as laceration and fractures or even severe
disorders that can affect jaw and serious dental injuries.

Types of Injuries caused because of Car Accidents

INTERNAL INJURIES The impact caused from a car crash can

result in internal injuries to bowels, kidneys, the spleen, liver,
lungs, heart or aorta. It is also quite common to get fractured ribs
which can lead to puncture lungs and other internal organs.
Internal injuries such as these can be life threatening if it is not
treated immediately.

Types of Injuries caused because of Car Accidents

PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURIES Car accidents are truly traumatic

and can cause passengers or drivers to suffer from short or long
term psychological injuries. This could be emotional distress,
posttraumatic stress disorder, persistent anxiety and depression

Injuries Chart

The 10 SAFEST Cars

1. Acura RL (2005-2007)
2. Ford Five Hundred/Mercury Montego
(2005-2007)
3. Honda Civic (2006-2007)
4. Hyundai Sonata (2006-2007)
5. Lincoln Town Car
6. Saab 9-3 (2004-2007)
7. Subaru Forester (2003-2007)
8. Subaru Legacy (2006-2007)
9. Toyota Camry (2004-2007)
10. Toyota Avalon (2005-2007)

The 5 Cars Which Have A HIGH Chance Of A

DANGEROUS Accident

MAZDA 5 This car received a poor for the small overlap front test, and a marginal for the side impact test.
The driver space in the Mazda 5 was extremely compromised by intrusive structure. Lower interior interference
measured 35 cm at the lower hinge pillar. Upper interior intrusion measured 34 cm at the hinge pillar and 25 cm
at the instrument panel. The steering column was pushed back 15 cm towards the driver. Dummy testing
indicated that injury to the left thigh and lower left leg would be expected in a crash of the severity tested, and
there is a potential for injuries to the left knee and right lower leg. The drivers door opened during the test crash
and this could possibly result in the driver falling out of the car. The dummys head barely touched the airbag
before sliding to the side, as the steering column moved to the right. The seat belt allowed unnecessary forward
excursion of the dummys head and torso, leading to the dummys head smashing into the instrument panel.

The 5 Cars Which Have A HIGH Chance Of A

DANGEROUS Accident

FIAT 500 - The Fiat 500 scored a poor rating for the small overlap front test which lead to a low safety rating
overall. The drivers space was really compromised by intruding structure. Upper interior intrusion was 19 cm
while lower interior intrusion measured as much as 21 cm and the hinge pillar and 20 cm at the footrest. The
steering column was forced backwards 7 cm in the direction of the driver. The driver door hinges were torn apart
and the door opened at the front, which shouldnt happen because the driver could be partly or completely
ejected from the vehicle. The dummys head barely contacted the frontal airbag before sliding off the left side as
the steering column moved 11 cm to the right, leaving the head vulnerable to contact with forward side
structure. Measurements from the dummy indicated that injury to the lower leg would be likely in a crash.

The 5 Cars Which Have A HIGH Chance Of A

DANGEROUS
Accident
AUDI A4 - The Audi A4 earned a poor rating in the small overlap front test, giving it a low safety rating. Driver
space was seriously compromised by intruding structure. Foot well intrusion measured as much as 28 cm, and
the instrument panel intruded 28 cm. The steering column was pushed back 13 cm towards the driver. A left hip
injury is likely in a crash of this severity, as indicated by dummy measurements. In the second test, the dummys
head contacted the frontal airbag but slid off the left side as the steering column moved 18 cm to the right,
leaving the head vulnerable to contact with forward structure and resulting in little airbag cushioning for the
chest. The driver door opened during the crash, which shouldnt happen because the driver could be partly or
completely ejected from the vehicle.

The 5 Cars Which Have A HIGH Chance Of A

DANGEROUS
Accident
HYUNDAI ACCENT - The Hyundai Accent was given a low safety score due to earning a poor in the small
overlap front test, and an acceptable for the side impact test. In the small overlap front test, the drivers space
was seriously compromised by intruding structure. Lower interior intrusion was as much as 28 cm at the lower
hinge pillar. Upper interior intrusion measured 19-22 cm at the hinge pillar and instrument panel. The steering
column was pushed back 9 cm toward the driver. Measurements from the dummy showed that injuries to the left
hip, knee, and lower leg would be possible in a crash. The dummys head barely contacted the airbag before
sliding off the left side, as the steering column shifted 16 cm to the right. In a side impact, measurements showed
that rib fractures and internal organ injuries were possible in a crash.

The 5 Cars Which Have A HIGH Chance Of A

DANGEROUS Accident
MAZDA CX-9 - The Mazda CX-9s low safety score is due to a poor score in the small overlap front, and
marginal in roof strength and head restraints. In the small overlap front test, the drivers space was
seriously compromised by the intruding structure. Lower intrusion was 43 cm at the lower hinge pillar, the
parking brake pedal was pushed back 25 cm, upper intrusion was 44 cm, and the steering column was
pushed towards the driver 12 cm. The dummys head struck the window frame, indicating a high risk of
head injury in a crash. The dummys head barely touched the frontal airbag before sliding off the left side
as the steering column moved 33 cm to the right, resulting in little airbag cushioning for the chest.
Furthermore, the side curtain airbag did not deploy, allowing the head to hit the intruding driver door
window frame and window sill causing a large amount of damage.

LOWEST RATED CARS ON ANCAP

What are they doing to make cars safer

Crumple Zones
Crumple zones are places around the car that are designed to crumple in the case of an accident, so that the
time it takes for the force to reach the passengers is much greater. Crumple zones are made so that they absorb
the crash energy meaning that the CAR absorbs the impact of the crash, not the passengers.

What are they doing to make cars safer

Strong Occupant Compartment
Cars have been made so that the section of it that hols the passengers and the drivers is protected at all costs.
This compartment should keep its shape in frontal crashes. The steering column, dash board, roof pillars, pedals
and floor panels should not be pushed unreasonably inwards as this may harm the drivers or passengers. Doors
are made to not open during a crash, yet be able to open afterwards and strong roof pillars mean that they are
protected in rollover crashes.

What are they doing to make cars safer

Side Impact Protection
Side door strength has been increased while internal padding and better seats can provide protection in the
case of a side impact crash. Many of the newer models of cars have side intrusion beams or other protection
which is in the door structure. Some even have padding on the inside door panels in addition to all of this.
Modern cars are also beginning to install side air bags that become useful in side-impact and rollover crashes.

What are they doing to make cars safer

Seat Belts
When properly worn, a seatbelt can provide good protection, although it does not always prevent injuries. There
have also been some improvements to seatbelts lately such as:
Webbing clamps that stop more seatbelt reeling out as it tightens on the spool
Pretenstioners that pull the seat belt tight before the occupant starts to move
Load limiters that manage the forces applied to the body in a crash
Seatbelt warning systems to remind you if your seat belts have not been fastened

What are they doing to make cars safer

Airbags
Airbags are designed to pop out at a certain impact that the seatbelts alone will not be able to protect you from.
There are frontal airbags, side airbags, curtain airbags and knee airbags. They are all designed to ensure that a
passenger is protected from any type of car crash.

What are they doing to make cars safer

Headrests
Headrest can be important features of a car in a crash and should be fitted to all seats. The position of them is
must be acute for preventing whiplash (caused when the head extends backwards from the torso) when a rear
impact crash occurs. This can be prevented by adjusting the headrest so that it is at least as high as the heads
centre of gravity (eye level and higher) and it should be as close to the back of the head as possible.

Safety Features Picture

What are they doing to make Motorbikes safer

Motorcycle Stability Control
This system monitors and measures key motorcycle data including:
Wheel speed
Lean angle
Pith angle
Acceleration
Breaking pressure
This data can allow the system to recognise dangerous situations in cornering and intervene:
Preventing the wheels from locking under heavy breaking
Stopping the wheels from spinning when speeding up
Making sure that the rear wheel or front wheel dont lifting, ensuring that they continuously keep traction.
Distribute the braking force between the front and back wheels
The Motorcycle Stability Control system benefits the riders safety and confidence as it means that there is safer
breaking and acceleration, particularly around corners.

What are they doing to make Motorbikes safer

Linked Breaking System
The linked breaking system empowers riders to use both brakes to their full potential which gives the rider
greater confidence while navigating risky situations. Furthermore, research shows that this system has managed
to reduce the severe injuries from motorcycle crashes in Australia by 44%. A linked breaking system usually
comprises of a hydraulic proportioning value that is connected to the front and rear breaking system. More
modern systems also have a component of the ABS (anti-lock braking system) and every time a brake lever or
pedal is engaged, the system distributes optimal breaking force between the front and back breaking systems

What are they doing to make Motorbikes safer

Traction Control
The electronic control unit (ECU) uses the ABS sensors to work out how fast a motorcycles wheels
are spinning and this allows the system to be alerted to when the motorcycle loses traction as
they would be able to tell whether the wheels are spinning at different speeds. When this
happens, the ECU has the ability to modulate the drive torque to make sure that traction is
maintained. This system also uses data from the accelerometers and gyroscopes when taking
corrective actions such as:
Changing the ignition timing
Skipping fuel ignition on cylinders
Adjusting the throttle

ANCAP Safety Ratings

ANCAP (Australasian New Car Assessment Program) safety ratings give cars a score from
1 5 stars. This score reflects a vehicles level of safety that it provides for the occupants
and pedestrians if a crash were to occur, as well as its ability to avoid a crash through
technology. These ratings are determined based on a number of internationally
recognised, independent crash tests and safety assessments. In every physical crash test,
dummies are used to:
measure the forces
likely injuries a driver
injuries to a passenger
injuries to a pedestrian
ANCAP also observes the movement of dummies throughout the crash and the impact on
the vehicle's occupant section. Vehicles must accomplish minimum scores across all
physical crash tests as well as meet minimum requirements for the addition of safety
equipment and technology.
These crash tests are conducted on all passenger and light commercial vehicles entering
the Australian or New Zealand markets and each and every model is assessed under
identical testing standards and conditions. ANCAP safety ratings are used to compare the
safety of cars with similar masses.
To get the 5 star ANCAP safety rating, a vehicle must achieve the highest level across all
of the crash tests and assessments.

Our Cars Safety Rating By ANCAP!!!

Ford Falcon XR8 Series 25 =
5
Mitsubishi Mirage 2014 =
Mitsubishi I- MEIV =
Mitsubishi PHEV =
Nissan X- Trail 2015 =
Skoda Octavia Sport =

4
5
5
5

ANCAP Safety Ratings

ANCAP Safety Ratings

ANCAP Safety Ratings

ANCAP Safety Ratings

ANCAP Safety Ratings

Statistics About the Road Toll

In this graph we can see that the number of Australian Road

Deaths pretty much jumps up and down, although it usually stays
around the 100 mark. We can also see that it stays between 140

Statistics About the Road Toll

August 2016 Road Toll

In August this year the number of road deaths totalled to109. This is 3.9% lower than the average for August
over the last five years

There were 1276 road deaths during the 12 months (from August 2015 August 2016). This shows a 6.9%
increase compared to the total from August 2014 August 2015.

The rate of annual deaths presently per 100000 population stands at 5.3. There has been a 5.4% increase
since the twelve-month period from august 2014 August 2015.

Statistics About the Road Toll

Monthly Road Deaths Comparing 2014, 2015 & 2016
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

January

Feburary

March

Arpil

May

June
2014

July
2015

August

September

October

November December

2016

In this graph we can see that at the start of 2016, it is lower than 2015 and 2014 but
when we get to the mid-year months it starts to rise above 2014 and 2015. We can
also see from the data for 2014 and 2015, the number of deaths increases from the
start of the year to the end of the year. Based on these facts, it is most likely that by
the end of the year the deaths would have risen to more than 350 road deaths.

Statistics About the Road Toll

In this graph we can see that from 1986 1993 the number of fatalities dropped
as safety improvements were made to cars. From then to pretty much now, 2016,
it has stayed fairly steady. In 2008it dropped significantly but then it jumped back
up the following year and also in 2016 it has also jumped up a little.

Forces Behind Car Safety

Time affects the safety of a driver/passenger in a car because it affects the force exerted on the
driver/passenger. Safety measures have been made to increase the time that the force is spread out
over before the force reaches the driver/passengers. This results in the force being much smaller when
it hits the person and therefore it inflicts less injuries to them.
The crumple zones are made so that, if a car was to hit something, the front/back crumples, which
takes a little bit of TIME which results in some of the energy from the crash dissipating and assisting the
car to slow down.
The Air bags are designed so that, when your head hits it, the airbag slowly deflates so that the head
doesnt bounce straight of the air bag. This slows down the TIME it takes for the head to reach either
the driving wheel (for the driver) or the dashboard (for the passenger).

References
https://seriousaccidents.com/legal-advice/top-causes-of-car-accidents/
http://www.drivingtoday.com/features/archive/crashes/index.html#axzz4LET7LX5Z
http://www.carsdirect.com/car-safety/most-common-places-for-you-to-get-in-a-car-crash
http://caraccidentinfo.org/car-accident-basics/common-injuries
http://www.howsafeisyourcar.com.au/Safety-Features/Crash-Protection-Features/
https://www.ancap.com.au/safety-ratings-explained
https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/safety-and-road-rules/motorcyclist-safety/motorcycle-safety-features

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