Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FOURTEEN
AADefinition
Definition of
of Power
Power
Power
A capacity that A has to
influence the behavior of B so
that B acts in accordance with
As wishes.
Dependency
Bs relationship to A
when A possesses
something that B
requires.
Contrasting
Contrasting Leadership
Leadership and
and Power
Power
Leadership
Focuses on goal
achievement.
Requires goal
compatibility with
followers.
Focuses influence
downward.
Research Focus
Leadership styles
and relationships
with followers.
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Power
Used as a means
for achieving
goals.
Requires follower
dependency.
Used to gain
lateral and upward
influence.
Research Focus
Power tactics for
gaining
compliance.
Bases
Bases of
of Power:
Power: Formal
Formal Power
Power
Formal Power
Is established by an individuals position in an
organization; conveys the ability to coerce or
reward, from formal authority, or from control
of information.
Coercive Power
A power base dependent on
fear.
Reward Power
Compliance achieved based
on the ability to distribute
rewards that others view as
valuable.
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Bases
Bases of
of Power:
Power: Formal
Formal Power
Power (contd)
(contd)
Legitimate Power
The power a person receives as a
result of his or her position in the
formal hierarchy of an
organization.
Bases
Bases of
of Power:
Power: Personal
Personal Power
Power
Expert Power
Influence based on
special skills or
knowledge.
Referent Power
Influence based on
possession by an individual
of desirable resources or
personal traits.
E X H I B I T 141
E X H I B I T 141
Dependency:
Dependency: The
The Key
Key To
ToPower
Power
The General Dependency Postulate
The greater Bs dependency on A, the greater the
power A has over B.
Possession/control of scarce organizational
resources that others need makes a manager
powerful.
Access to optional resources (e.g., multiple
suppliers) reduces the resource holders power.
Power
Power Tactics
Tactics
Power Tactics
Ways in which
individuals translate
power bases into
specific actions.
Influence
InfluenceTactics
Tactics: :
Legitimacy
Legitimacy
Rational
Rationalpersuasion
persuasion
Inspirational
Inspirationalappeals
appeals
Consultation
Consultation
Exchange
Exchange
Personal
Personalappeals
appeals
Ingratiation
Ingratiation
Pressure
Pressure
Coalitions
Coalitions
Preferred
Preferred Power
Power Tactics
Tactics by
by Influence
Influence Direction
Direction
Upward Influence Downward Influence
Lateral Influence
Rational persuasion
Rational persuasion
Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeals
Consultation
Pressure
Ingratiation
Consultation
Exchange
Ingratiation
Legitimacy
Exchange
Personal appeals
Legitimacy
Coalitions
E X H I B I T 142
E X H I B I T 142
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Factors
Factors Influencing
Influencing the
the Choice
Choice and
and
Effectiveness
Effectiveness of
of Power
Power Tactics
Tactics
Sequencing of tactics
Softer to harder
tactics work best.
Skillful use of a tactic
Relative power of the
tactic user
Some tactics work
better when applied
downward or upward.
The type of request
attaching to the tactic
Is the request
legitimate?
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Power
Power in
in Groups:
Groups: Coalitions
Coalitions
Coalitions
Clusters of individuals
who temporarily come
together to achieve a
specific purpose.
Seek
Seekto
tomaximize
maximizetheir
their
size
sizeto
toattain
attaininfluence.
influence.
Seek
Seekaabroad
broadand
anddiverse
diverse
constituency
constituencyfor
forsupport
support
of
oftheir
theirobjectives.
objectives.
Occur
Occurmore
morefrequently
frequentlyinin
organizations
organizationswith
withhigh
high
task
taskand
andresource
resource
interdependencies.
interdependencies.
Occur
Occurmore
morefrequently
frequentlyifif
tasks
tasksare
arestandardized
standardized
and
androutine.
routine.
Sexual
Sexual Harassment:
Harassment: Unequal
Unequal Power
Power in
in the
the
Workplace
Workplace
Sexual Harassment
Unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors,
and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual
nature.
Steps
Steps for
for Managers
Managers to
to Take
Take to
to Prevent
Prevent Sexual
Sexual
Harassment
Harassment
Make sure a policy against it is in place.
Ensure that employees will not encounter
retaliation if they file a complaint.
Investigate every complaint and include
the human resource and legal
departments.
Make sure offenders are disciplined or
terminated.
Set up in-house seminars and training.
Politics:
Politics: Power
Power in
in Action
Action
Political Behavior
Activities that are not required as part of
ones formal role in the organization, but that
influence, or attempt to influence, the
distribution of advantages or disadvantages
within the organization.
Legitimate Political Behavior
Normal everyday politics.
Illegitimate Political Behavior
Extreme political behavior that violates the
implied rules of the game.
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Politics
Politics Is
Is in
in the
the Eye
Eye of
of the
the Beholder
Beholder
Political Label
Management Label
Effective
1. Blaming others
vs.
Fixing responsibility
2. Kissing up
vs.
3. Apple polishing
vs.
Demonstrating loyalty
Delegating authority
Documenting decisions
Facilitating teamwork
Improving efficiency
9. Scheming
vs.
Planning ahead
10. Overachieving
vs.
11. Ambitious
vs.
Career-minded
12. Opportunistic
vs.
Astute
13. Cunning
vs.
Practical-minded
14. Arrogant
vs.
Confident
E X H I B I T 133
E X H I B I T 133
Factors
FactorsThat
That Influence
Influence
Political
PoliticalBehaviors
Behaviors
E X H I B I T 14-4
E X H I B I T 14-4
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Employee
EmployeeResponses
Responsesto
to
Organizational
OrganizationalPolitics
Politics
E X H I B I T 14-5
E X H I B I T 14-5
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Avoiding
AvoidingAction
Action: :
Defensive
Defensive
Behaviors
Behaviors
Overconforming
Overconforming
Buck
Buckpassing
passing
Playing
Playingdumb
dumb
Stretching
Stretching
Stalling
Stalling
Avoiding
AvoidingBlame
Blame: :
Buffing
Buffing
Playing
Playingsafe
safe
Justifying
Justifying
Scapegoating
Scapegoating
Misrepresenting
Misrepresenting
Avoiding
AvoidingChange
Change: :
Prevention
Prevention
Self-protection
Self-protection
E X H I B I T 146
E X H I B I T 146
Impression
Impression Management
Management (IM)
(IM)
Impression Management
The process by which
individuals attempt to
control the impression
others form of them.
IM
IMTechniques
Techniques: :
Conformity
Conformity
Excuses
Excuses
Apologies
Apologies
Self-Promotion
Self-Promotion
Flattery
Flattery
Favors
Favors
Association
Association
E X H I B I T 147
E X H I B I T 147
Is
Is AAPolitical
Political Action
Action Ethical?
Ethical?
1. What is the utility of
engaging in the
behavior?
2. Does the utility
balance out any harm
done by the action?
3. Does the action
conform to standards
of equity and justice?
E X H I B I T 148
E X H I B I T 148
2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.