Faculty of Medicine

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional

Veteran
Jakarta

HEART DISEASE
PANDU DIAN WICAKSONO
1510211031

NORMAL HEART RATES

In Children
Newborn:110 150
bpm
2 years:85 125 bpm
4 years:75 115 bpm
6 years+:60 100 bpm

TACHYCARDIA
A heart rate of more than
100 beats per minute
(BPM) in adults is called
tachycardia. What's too
fast for you may depend
on your age and physical
condition.

1. SINUS TACHYCARDIA
Sinus rhythm with a
resting heart rate of > 100
bpm in adults, or above
the normal range for age
in children

ETIOLOGY
Non Pharmacology
Anxious
Well trained athletes
Anemia, Heart
Failure
Drink coffee
Alcohol consumption
Smokers

Pharmacology
Beta-agonists: adrenaline,
isoprenaline, salbutamol,
dobutamine
Sympathomimetics:
amphetamines, cocaine,
methylphenidate
Antimuscarinics:
antihistamines, TCAs,
carbamazepine, atropine
Others: caffeine,
theophylline, marijuana

INDICATED
Anemia (low blood count)
Increased thyroid activity
Heart muscle damage from
heart attack or heart failure
Hemorrhage (severe bleeding)

TREATMENT
Doctor should consider and treat the cause of
sinus tachycardia rather than the condition
itself. If your rapid heartbeat is a symptom of a
more serious or longer term problem, simply
slowing the heart rate could cause more harm
and leave the underlying condition untreated.

2. (A/S)VT
Atrial or Supraventricular tachycardia
(SVT) is a fast heart rate that starts in
the upper chambers of the heart. Some
forms are calledparoxysmal atrial
tachycardia
(PAT)orparoxysmal
supraventricular
tachycardia
(PSVT).

ETIOLOGY
SVT is the most common type of arrhythmia in children
More common in women, but may occur in either sex
Anxious young people
People who are physically fatigued
People who drink large amounts of coffee
People who drink alcohol heavily
People who smoke heavily

INDICATED
Heart attack
Serious mitral valve disease

TREATMENT
Carotid sinus massage: gentle pressure on the neck, where the carotid artery
splits into two branches. Must be performed by a healthcare professional to
minimize risk of stroke, heart or lung injury from blood clots.
Pressing gently on the eyeballs with eyes closed.
Valsalva maneuver: holding your nostrils closed while blowing air through your
nose.
Dive reflex: the body's response to sudden immersion in water, especially cold
water.
Sedation.
Cutting down on coffee.
Cutting down on alcohol.
Quitting tobacco use.
Getting more rest.
In patients with Wolfe-Parkinson-White Syndrome, medications or ablation may
be needed to control PSVT.

3. VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDI
Ventricular tachycardia is a fast
heart rate that starts in the
heart's
lower
chambers
(ventricles). It can be a lifethreatening heart rhythm and
requires rapid diagnosis and
treatment.

ETIOLOGY
Lack of oxygen to areas of the heart
due to lack of coronary artery blood
flow
Cardiomyopathy in which the
structure of the heart becomes
distorted
Medications
Sarcoidosis (an inflammatory disease
affecting skin or other body tissues)

TREATMENT
May require immediate electrical defibrillation
Medication (prescribed for home use and/or
administered by healthcare professionals)
Radiofrequency ablation
Surgery

ATRIAL FLUTTER
Atrial flutter (AFL) is a common abnormal heart
rhythm, similar to atrial fibrillation, the most
common
abnormal
heart
rhythm.
Both
conditions are types of supraventricular (above
the ventricles) tachycardia (rapid heart beat).
In AFL, the upper chambers (atria) of the heart
beat too fast, which results in atrial muscle
contractions that are faster than and out of
sync with the lower chambers (ventricles).

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Atrial fibrillation (also called AFib or AF)
is a quivering or irregular heartbeat
(arrhythmia) that can lead to blood
clots, stroke, heart failure and other
heart-related complications. At least 2.7
million Americans are living with AFib.

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