B & C Scanning

SCANNING BY ANGLE / STRAIGHT BEAM

PROBES WITH REFERENCE CO-ORDINATES
AUTO OR MANUAL
PROCESSING OF SIGNALS IN COMPUTER
GENERATES TOP, END AND SIDE VIEWS
ALSO RECORD RF - A SCANS

B & C Scanning
B-scan : B-Scan is defined as two-dimensional
graphical presentation, in rectangular coordinates, in
which the travel time of an ultrasonic pulse is
represented as a displacement along one axis, and
the probe movement is represented as a
displacement along the other axis. In the B-Scan
presentation the signals are represented as event
marks. B-Scan may be obtained through the
processing of the signals received while scanning
over the section to be displayed with probe fitted into
one-axis coordinate encoder interfaced to the
instrument.

B & C Scanning
C-Scan : C-Scan represents the distribution of some
informative parameter over the top surface of the
area of interest in the form of the projection map. It's
obvious that the B-Scan record representing the
sectional views of the object under test may be
provided simultaneously with C-Scan

B & C Scanning

B & C Scanning

End View

B & C Scanning

B & C Scanning

TOFD (Time of Flight Diffraction)

TECHNIQUE BASED ON DIFFRACTION OF ULTRASONIC

WAVES ON TIPS OF DISCONTINUTIES

TRNSMITTING AND RECEIVING PROBES LOCATED EITHER

SIDE OF WELD

BROAD BEAM TRANSDUCERS USED

SCANNING PARALLEL TO WELD

NORMALLY SINGLE PASS / DIRECTION

COMPUTER PROCESSING BASED ON SOFTWARES

SIGNALS TIME RESOLVED USING GEOMETRIC

CALCULATIONS

GRAPHICAL DISPLAY IN GREYSCALE FORM

TOFD (Time of Flight Diffraction)

TOFD Principle

TOFD

TOFD How it works

Configuration

PCS

Scan Motion

Positional Encoding

Successive position related

waveforms captured and
processed on-line .....

Tx
Rx

Wide Beam Coverage

Diffracted
Signals
Lateral Wave

..... for immediate graphical

presentation in meaningfull
thro' wall format

Backwall Reflection

RF Waveform

D-scan presentation of thro' wall condition

Tx Signal
Amplitude
Quantisation

WT

Phase Reversal
Time of Flight

Weld Length

TOFD

TOFD- Probe Movement

Main uses of UT
Used to locate surface and subsurface defects in
many materials including metals, plastics, and wood.
Ultrasonic inspection is also used to measure the
thickness of materials and otherwise characterize
properties of material based on sound velocity and
attenuation measurements.

Advantages of UT

It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.

The depth of penetration for flaw detection or measurement is

superior to other NDT methods.

Only single-sided access is needed when the pulse-echo technique is

used.

It is high accuracy in determining reflector position and estimating

size and shape.

Minimal part preparation required.

Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.

Detailed images can be produced with automated systems.

It has other uses such as thickness measurements, in addition to flaw

detection.

Disadvantages of UT

Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.

Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.

It normally requires a coupling medium to promote transfer of sound

energy into test specimen.

Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small, exceptionally

thin or not homogeneous are difficult to inspect.

Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult to inspect due
to low sound transmission and high signal noise.

Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go undetected.

Reference standards are required for both equipment calibration, and

characterization of flaws.