HYPOXIA

&
Cyanosis

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Hypoxia
Definition.

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level.

Anoxia means absence of O2 at the tissue level.

TYPES:
1. Hypoxic Hypoxia - PO2 of the arterial
blood is low

2. Anemic Hypoxia - Amount of Hb. To carry O2

is Low

3. Stagnant or Ischemic Hypoxia- Blood flow

to the tissue is low

4. Histotoxic Hypoxia Tissue cant utilize O2

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Hypoxic Hypoxia
Caususes:
A. Low PO2 in the inspired air which include:
1. High Altitude
2. Breathing Gas mixture having Low PO2
3. Breathing in closed space

B. Decreased Pulmonary Ventilation due to

Respiratory Disorders.
1. Obstructive Lung diseases e.g Asthma
2. Mechanical or Nervous Disorders
3. Depression of Respiratory centre
4. Pneumothorax

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Types of Hypoxia
C. Inadequate Oxygenation of Blood due to
Respiratory Disorders Which includes:

1. Impaired alveolar Diffusion eg.Emphysema

2. Non Functioning Alveoli e.g Fibrosis

3. Pulmonary Oedema
4. Lack of Surfactant . Collapse of lungs
5. Pneumothorax or HAemothorax.

D. Cardiac Disorders
1. Cogestive Heart Failure (CCF)
2. Veno-arterial Shunts
Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

ii. Anaemic Hypoxia

Reduced O2 carrying capacity due to:
1 . decreased number of RBCs
2. Decreased amount of Hb
3. Met Hb.

iii.-Stagnant Hypoxia
Due to decreased velocity of blood flow.
1. CCF
2. Hemorrhagic Shock
3. Vasoconstriction (vasospasm
4. Thrombo-embolism

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

iv. Histotoxic Hypoxia

Inability of the tissue to utilize O2.
1. Cyanide or
2. Sulfide Poisoning

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Treatment of Hypoxia

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Effects of Hypoxia

1. - On Blood
2. - On CVS
3. - On Respiration
4. - On Kidney -Erythropoietin
5. - On CNS
DELAYED effects of Hypoxia
Treatmentt. - O2 Therapy
Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Cyanosis
Dusky bluish discoloration of the skin or
mucous membrane
Appears when the reduced Hb. Concentration of
the blood in the capillaries is 5 gm/100ml of blood.
Types:
1. Central Cyanosis
2. Peripheral Cyanosis

 Eupnoea: Normal Respiration.

Apnea: Temporary Arrest of Breathing.
- Voluntary- up to 40 -60 seconds
- Deglutition Apnoea- During Swallowing
- Sleep Apnoea Common in Overweight

Tachypnea :
is Rapid, shallow breathing

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Hypercapnia
Excess of CO2 in the blood
Cause: Any condition which leads to acute
blockage of Respiratory passages
e.g. STRANGULATION

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Asphyxia
Combination of Hypoxia And Hypercapnia.
Causes:
Any Condition which causes acute
obstruction of air passages
Strangulation
Hanging
Drowning

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Hyperpnea
Increase in rate or Depth of Breathing
regardless of the patients subjective
sensations. ( Min Vent Volume )

Causes:
- Increased Pa CO2 & [ H+]
- Decreased Pa O2
- Decreased B.P
- Afferents from lungs, Joints etc
- Impulses from Higher Centres & Cortex
Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan

Orthopnoea
Dyspnoea on lying flat:
Causes:
Decreased Movement of Diaphragm (by viscera)
> Pulm Vent > DYSPNOEA
Increased mobilization of tissue fluid
( Hydrostatic effect)
> pulmonary Congestion > Decreased Lung Compliance

Peshawar Medical College NWFP Pakistan