PRESENTATION ON

AIDS

Presented By:

Guided By:

Swizel S . Rana
Roll No. 38
B.Sc [Nursing 2nd year]

Ms.Kinjal Jadav
[Nursing Tutor]

Vinayaka Institute of
Nursing

HISTORY OF AIDS
Scientist identified a type of CHIMPANZEE
in west africa as the source of HIV
infection in humans.
It is widely believed that HIV originated in
KINSHASA ,in the democratic republic of
CONGO around 1920 when HIV crossed
species from chimpanzees to humans.
HIV is transmitted via unprotected sexual
intercourse.
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INTRODUCTION
AIDS stands for Acquired immune
deficiency syndrome.
ACQURIED means YOU CAN
INFECTED WITH.
IMMUNE DEFICIENCY means
WEAKNESS IN THE BODY SYSTEM
THAT FIGHTS WITH DISEASES.
SYNDROM means GROUP OF HEALTH
PROBLEMS THAT MAKE A DISEASE.
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Virus of HIV

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 AIDS caused by a virus called HUMAN

IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Tests for HIV look for the antibodies
in your blood or mouth lining against
HIV. If you have them in blood it
means that person have HIV
infection. People have the HIV
antibodies are called *HIV POSITIVE*.
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AGENT FACTOR
AIDS is caused by HUMAN IMMUNO
DEFICIENCY VIRUS.[HIV]
This virus has the ability to destroy
human T4 cells [A Subset of human T
lymphocytes].
It can pass the blood brain barrier
and destroy brain cells.
HIV mutates fast and new strains are
develop continualy.
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 The virus remains in the body life

long after being infected.
The causative agent is present in
blood ,semen, CSF in greatest
concentrations.but in tears, saliva,
breast milk, vaginal secretion and
cervical secretions, its concentration
is less.
HIV has been found to be in lymph
nodes ,bone marrow, brain tissues
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HOST FACTORS
Most commonly found in sexually
active people between the age group
20-49 years.
High risk people are male homosexual.
Male bisexual having multiple
partners.
INTRAVENOUS DRUG abusers.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION recipient.
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LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

There are four stages1.Binding and Fusion The virus attaches itself to a
helper T cell. The contents of HIV particle are then
released into the cell.
- The type of drug that can stop this part is called
Fusion or entry inhibitors.
2.Reverse Transcription and Integration Once
inside a cell, HIV change its genetic material into HIV
DNA using an enzyme called Reverse transcriptase.

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3.Transcription and Translation- The HIV DNA makes long strands of

messenger RNA proteins .And transport them
towards the cell and used for producing more
HIV.
4.Budding and Maturation- It release new infected T helper cells. They
all are ready to infect other cells.
- the type of drug that can stop this process
are called Protease inhibitors.
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MODE OF TRANSMISSION

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INCUBATION PERIOD
INCUBATION PERIOD Is the period
of time that elapses from the
infection by the agent to the
appearance of clinical symptoms of
the host.
HIVS incubation period is from a few
months to 10 years or even more.

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CLINICAL MENIFESTATIONS
After being infected with HIV
generally fever, sore throat and rash
appear after a few weeks and most
of people remain without symptoms
for many years.
HIV antibodies also appear 2 to 12
weeks after the infection the period
before antibodies are produced is
known as WINDOW PERIOD.
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 As HIV remains in the body of infected

person,so the person acts as a CARRIER.
After being damage of immune system after
a longer period due to AIDS, the person will
show the symptoms are one or more.
- Malaise
- fatigue
- fever
-night sweats
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- Unexplained diarrhoea lasting longer than

1 month.
- Loss of body weight[more than 10% loss of
the body.
- Opportunistic infections such as oral thrush
- Generalised lymphadenopathy A disease
affecting lymph nodes which are abnormal
in size ,number and consistency.

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- Enlarged spleen
- Kaposi sarcoma Is cancer that
develops from the cells that lines
lymph or blood vessels.
It appears as tumors on the skin or
mucosal surface.

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-Cytomegalovirus candidiasisInfection of oesophagus.it is present

as a deep ulcers on the surface of
oesophagus.

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 Hairy leukoplakia- Is a condition that

characterised by irregular white
patches on the side of the tongue
and in mouth.

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 Cryptcoccal meningitis-is a fungal

infection of the tissues covering the
brain and spinal cord.
Skin infection
Herpes zoster/shingles-painful and
contagious rash caused by
chickenpox virus-varicella zoster

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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
ELISA TEST
- The ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBANT
ASSAY [ELISA] , was the first screening
test commonly employed for HIV.
- It is antibody detection test.
WESTERN BLOT TEST
- Is like a ELISA. It detects HIV antibodies
in blood of the person. Antibodies are
proteins
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Your immune system produces in response to

the presences of foreign substances , such as
viruses. If person test positive for HIV on the
ELISA test ,health provide will order the
western blot test to confirm HIV infection.
CD 4 LYMPHOCYTE MARKER TEST
- A CD4 count does not an HIV test.
-It is used to monitor immune system
function in HIV positive people. Normal CD 4
count is
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500 cells/mm3 to 1000 cells/mm3.In HIV

person the count drops below200 cells /mm 3.
P24 ANTIGEN TEST
-It detects the presence of the p 24 protein of
HIV ,the capsid protein of the virus.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES specific to the P 24
in the person blood and will stick to
antibodies and enzyme linked antibodies to
P24 causes a colour change if P24 was present
in sample.
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PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF

AIDS
1) DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
-) The cases of HIV/AIDS should be
identified through survey. laboratory
investigation of the patient ,who are
coming for treatment of their
problem,should be done for HIV/AIDS
so as to identify the cases.
-) As there is no vaccines or cure for
treatment of HIV/AIDS.
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- But these cases should be treated with

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY.
-Antiretroviral therapy is the combination
of several antiretroviral medicines used
to slow the rate at which HIV makes
copies of itself [multiplies] in the body .
-Combination of three or more
antiretroviral medicines is more effective
than using just one medicine.
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 DRUGS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL
THERAPY
1.Zidovudine 500-600mg daily in two
or three divided doses.

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2.Didanosine- 200-300 mg oral B D

daily

3.Tenofovir- 300 mg orally B.D.

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4. Ritonavir 600mg orally B.D.

5.Nevirapine- 200mg orally daily

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 According to WHO, the definition of

AIDS surveillance is that an adult or
adolescent is considered to have
AIDS if at least 2 of the major signs
with 1 minor sign is present.
MAJOR SIGNS:
- chronic diarrhoea for more than 1
month
- Weight loss more than 10% of body
weight
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MINOR SIGNS:
- Oropharyngeal candiasis- is a fungal
infection of candida species on the
mucous membrane of the mouth.
- Generalised pruritic dermatitis- it is
itching .including dry skin, skin
disease .
- Persistent cough for more than 1
month
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- Chronic progressive or disseminated

herpes
simplex- is a viral disease and
based on the part of the body infected.
- Generalised Lymphadenopathy-is a disease
of lymph nodes which are abnormal in size,
number and consistency.
- In case of surveillance ,presence of
generalised kaposi sarcoma or
cryptococcal meningitis is sufficient for
diagnosis of AIDS.
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2. POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLACTIC

TREATMENT
-On accidental exposure to virus,
antiretroviral therapy should be started
within hours.US centre for Disease Control
and prevention has recommended the
following treatment for health care provider
who are exposed to HIV accidently.
- Zidovudine[AZT]- 200 mg TDS
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- Lamivudine[3TC]- 150mg BD in 4
weeks
A. If the source individual has
advanced AIDS then---Nelfinavir 750
mg TDS should be added to AZT/3TC
regimen.
B. If the source individual has failed on
AZT/3TC---Stavudine +Didanosine
should be used instead of AZT/3TC.
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3.INTERUPTING THE MODE OF TRANSMISION

- Prevention of HIV/AIDS can be achieved by
interupting the mode of transmission .This
includes1.Using condoms,while having sex
2.Avoid multisexual partners
3.Avoid the use of needle , syringes of
infected HIV/AIDS and use disposable
needle and syringes.
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4.Check blood for HIV/AIDS before

transfusion.

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THANK YOU
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