Line Coding

Contents:
Waveform

representation of binary digits

PCM waveform type
Why so many PCM waveform?
Selection of PCM waveforms

Waveform representation of binary digits

Waveform types
On-off

/ Unipolar waveform
Polar waveform
Bipolar waveform
Unipol
ar
Polar
Bipola
r

V/2
-V/2

Merits and Demerits of Different

waveforms
The

on-off pulse is attractive from the point

of view of simplicity of terminal apparatus
It has several disadvantages
For a given transmitted power it is less immune
to noise than the polar scheme
It has a non zero PSD at DC so ac coupling is
required during transmission
Transmission bandwidth is excessive
On-off signaling has no error detection or
correction capability
It is not transparent

Merits and Demerits of Different

waveforms
Advantages

of polar signaling

Polar signaling is more efficient than

on-off signaling
For a given transmitted power polar
signaling is more efficient
It is transparent
Disadvantages

No discrete clock frequency

component in a polar signaling

Merits and Demerits of Different

waveforms
Advantages

of bipolar signaling

Its spectrum has a DC null

Its bandwidth is not so excessive
It has single error detection capability
It has discrete component of clock
frequency when it is rectified

Disadvantages

A bipolar signaling requires twice as much

power as that required for a polar
signaling
It is not transparent

PCM Waveform Type/Line Coding

Line Coding

NRZ

NRZ-L

Unipolar
RZ

NRZ-M

Bipolar
RZ

Phase
Encoded

RZ

NRZ-S

RZAMI

Bi--L

Bi--M

Multilevel
Binary

Bi--M

Dicode
NRZ

DM

Dicode
RZ

Various PCM Waveform

Changes level from
10 or 01
Differential
coding

1 change level
0 no change in level
1 no change level
0 change in level
1 half period wide
pulse 0 absence of
pulse
1 one-half-bit wide
+ve pulse 0 one-halfbit wide -ve pulse
1 equal magnitude
alternating pulses, 0
absence of pulses

Manchester
coding

Miller coding

Duobinary

Various PCM Waveform

1half-bit-wide pulse
positioned at the first half
of the bit interval 0
positioned at opposite side
Transition at the beginning
1second transition
one- half bit interval later
0 no second transition
Transition at the beginning
1 no second transition
0second transition onehalf bit interval later
1Transition at the mid
point of the bit interval 0
no transition unless it
follows by another zero
1 0 or 01 data
transition changes the pulse
polarity, without data
transition the 0 level is sent

Why so many PCM waveform

DC component null
Self clocking
Error detection
Bandwidth Compression
Differential encoding
Noise immunity

DC component null

Self Clocking

Error detection

Duobinary

Bandwidth Compression

Differential encoding

Differential
coding

Noise immunity

Threshold
level
Threshold
level

High Density Bipolar (HDB) Signaling

The problem of nontransparancy in bipolar signaling is eliminated by
adding pulses when no. of consecutive 0s exceeds n. Such a modified
coding is designated as high density bipolar coding, HDBn, where n can
take on any value 1, 2, 3 .and so on. The most important of the HDB
codes is HDB3.
The basic idea is:
When no. of binary 0s are more than n
n+1 0s are replaced by one of the special sequences (in case of n=3)
000V or 100V, depending on no. of 1 before the n+1 0s
When no. of 1 is odd, the sequence is 000V and when the no. of
1 is even, the sequence is 100V
The V bit is encoded by a pulse of such a polarity as to violate the
bipolar rule
1 bit in 100V is encoded by a pulse of polarity following the bipolar
rule

High Density Bipolar (HDB) Signaling

Input
Digits: 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Coded
Digits: 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 V 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 V 1 0 0 V 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 V 1

Transmitted Waveforms
Due to bipolar violation, HDB signaling retains error detection capability
DC null is obtained as bipolar signaling

Digital Modulation
Contents:
Digital Modulation Techniques
Bandwidth requirements
Transmitter and Receiver
Operations