TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

SOAP &
DETERGENT
INDUSTRY

REPORTER: JOHN MORREL D. MIRANDA

BACHELOR OF APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR IN LABORATORY
TECHNOLOGY

HISTORY

Never actually "discovered" , but instead gradually

evolved from crude mixtures of alkaline and fatty
materials.
1920's
to
1930's

1940's

1950's

1960's

1970's

HISTORY
In the early 1800s soap
was believed to be a
mechanical mixture of fat
and alkali; then Chevreul a
French chemist showed
that soap formation was
actually a chemical
reaction.

HISTORY
Domeier

completed his research on the

recovery of glycerin from saponification
mixtures in this period . Until Leblancs
important discovery producing lower price
sodium carbonate from sodium chloride, the
alkali required was obtained by the leaching
of wood ashes or from the evaporation of
naturally occurring alkaline waters.

HISTORY
Raw

materials shortages at World War

I led Germans to develop synthetic
soaps or detergents. These were
composed of short-chain alkyl
naphthalene sulfonates, which were
good wetting agents but only fair in
detergent action.

SOAP VS
DETERGENT

SOAP & DETERGENT

DIFFERENCES
Detergents
are synthetic compounds that have
been created through a chemical process. The
most widely-used detergent, sodium lauryl
sulfate, is created by reacting sulfuric acid with
dodecanol (a fatty alcohol) adding a few other
chemicals, heating it up, adding more
chemicals, and so forth. On average, there are
about ten steps between the original raw
materials and the final detergent.

SOAP & DETERGENT

DIFFERENCES
Soaps on
the other hand, are created by
mixing a fat (usually a vegetable oil) with
caustic soda (like lye or potassium
hydroxide). Soaps have been created like
this for hundreds (maybe thousands) of
years. Detergents, on the other hand,
have only been around for a few decades.

SOAP & DETERGENT

DIFFERENCES
TO MAKE SYNTHETHIC
DETERGENTS

Alkylbenzene

+ oleum ----------> alkylbenzene sulfonate

Tallow fatty alcohol + oleum ----------> fatty alcohol sulfate
Sulfonate + sulfate + NaOH ----------> sodium salts
Sodium salts + builders, etc ----------> DETERGENTS
TO

MAKE SOAP
Tallow + hydrolysis (splitting fats) ----------> tallow fatty acid
Tallow fatty acid + NaOH ----------> sodium salt of fatty acid
Salt of fatty acid + builder , etc. ----------> SOAP

SOAP & DETERGENT

Soap + Hardwater:
DIFFERENCES
Form insoluble compounds with the calcium and
magnesium ions present in hard water. These insoluble
compounds precipitate out and reduce foaming and cleaning
action.
Detergent

+ Hard water:
May react with the hard water ions, but the resulting
products are either soluble or remain colloidally dispersed in
the water

TYPES OF DETERGENT
ANIONIC
CATIONIC
NONIONIC
AMPHOTERIC

TYPES OF DETERGENT
ANIONIC

Anionic surfactants
possess a negative charge on their
hydrophilic end. This charge helps the
surfactant molecules to interact with both
the fibers and soil particles, lifting and
suspending soils in bubble-like
arrangements called micelles.

TYPES OF DETERGENT
CATIONIC

Cationics have positively charged ends, which makes them

ideal in antistatic formulas like fabric softeners .
Also, cationic surfactants have antimicrobial characteristics, and
they are found in hard-surface disinfectants and cleaners. Formulas
containing cationic surfactants cannot be mixed with those containing
oppositely charged anionic surfactants. The molecules would interact
with each other, producing a gooey mess that drops out of solution.
When reading the ingredients list, look for the words chloride
or bromide (as in alkylbenzene ammonium chloride) to identify
cationics.

TYPES OF DETERGENT
NONIONIC

Nonionic surfactants are also found in many cleaning

products, including carpet products. Nonionics have no
charge on their hydrophilic end, which helps make them
superior oily soil emulsifiers.
Some nonionics are high foamers (like
anionics), while others do not generate much foam.
Because of their lower foam profile and strong
emulsifying potential, these surfactants are the preferred
choice when formulating extraction cleaners and pre
sprays.

TYPES OF DETERGENT
AMPHOTERIC

These unique molecules possess both a

positive and a negative charge on their hydrophilic
end, giving them a net charge of zero.
Amphoteric surfactants have little utility on their
own, but work extremely well in enhancing the
cleaning effect of both anionic and nonionic
surfactants. They can serve as coupling agents,
which hold the surfactants, solvents and inorganic
salt components of a formula together.

SOIL REMOVAL IS
ACCOMPLISHED BY
WETTING
EMULSIFYING
DISPERSING
SOLUBILIZING

THE OIL BY
CLEANING AGENT

CLEANING PROCESS
Thoroughly

wetting the dirt and the surface of the article being washed
of the soap or detergent solution.
Removing the dirt from the surface.
Maintaining the dirt in stable solution or suspension (Detergency)
In wash water soaps or detergents increase the wetting ability of the
water so that it can more easily penetrate the fabrics and reach the soil
Soil removal begins. Each molecules of the cleaning solution may be
considered a long chain. One end of the chain is hydrophilic (waterloving); the other is hydrophobic (water hating or soil loving). The soil
loving ends of some of these molecules are attracted to a soil particles
away from the fabric and into the water.

MICELLE (VIDEO)

DETERGENT; RAW MATERIALS

SURFACTANTS

-Any compounds that affects (usually reduces) surface

tension when dissolved in water or water solutios, or
which similarly affects interfacial tension between 2
liquids
-Soap; is such a material, but the term is most frequently
applied to organic derivatives such as; sodium salts of
high molecular weight alkyl sulfates or sulfonates.
- the surfactants of both soap and detergent perform the
primary cleaning and sudsing of the washing action in the
same way the reduction of surface tension.

STRAIGHT-CHAIN ALKYLBENZENES
Biodegradable

detergents are made primarily from

phenyl-substituted n-alkanes of 11-14 carbon atoms.
n-Alkanes are separated from kerosene by
adsorption using molecular sieves. Bramched chain
and cyclic alkanes have larger cross-sectional
diameter to the linear molecules, thus making
sieves separation possible.
Other common method of separation of normal
paraffin compounds from branched and cyclic ones
is by reaction with thiourea.

FATTY ACIDS AND FATTY

ALCOHOLS
Manufacture of Fatty Acids
high

pressure hydrolysis , catalyzed by zinc oxide

Twitchell
Batch

autoclave

Contonuous countecurrent

RAW MATERIALS
OILS
FATS

Manufacture of Fatty Alcohols

the ziegler catalytic procedure for converting a-olefins to fatty alcohols and the methyl
ester hydrogenation process are the important methods for preparing fatty alcohols.

SUDS REGULATORS

Suds regulation often necessary for surfuctants to an

efficient job of cleaning and washing machine. this is
often achieved by combining different types such as
anionics with nonionics, or anionics with soap.

For soaps, foam inhibition increases with the amout of

saturation and the number of carbons in the fatty acid
residue.

C20-24 fatty acids are good foam inhibitors. Others are

higher fatty acid amides, aliphatic carboxylic acid esters
containing at least 18 carbons in one or preferrably, both
acid and alcohol chains, and N-alkylated aminotriazines.

BUILDERS

Boost detergent power.

they prevent redeposition of soil from the wash water on

fabrics.

EXAMPLES:

sodium tripolyphosphates

tetrasodium phosphate

ADDITIVES

Corrosion and watyehibtor (like sodium silicate), protect metal

and washer parts, utensils, and dishes from action of detergent
and water.

Antiredeposition agents (Carboxylmethyl cellulose)

Tarnish inhibitors, carry the work on the corrosion inhibitor and

extend protection to metals such as german silver.

Fabric brighteners, are fluorescent dyes which makes fabrics

look brighterbecause of the ability to convert ultraviolet light to
visible light.

Antimicrobial agents, carbanilides, salicylanildes and cationics.

MANUFACTURE OF
DETERGENTS

SOAP

RAW MATERIALS
TALLOW
GREASE
COCONUT

OIL
CAUSTIC SODA,SODA ASH AND CAUSTIC
POTASH

MANUFACTURE OF SOAP
THE BASIC CHEMICAL
3NaOH

(C17H35COO)3C3H5

CAUSTIC SODA

GLYCERYL STEARATE

3C17H35COONa + C3H5(OH)3
SODIUM STEARATE GLYCERIN

MANUFACTURE OF SOAP

THANK YOU