Light

Reflection
&
Refraction
 Reflection
When light falls on a highly
polished surface like a mirror
most of the light is sent back
into the same medium. This
process is called reflection of
light.
Laws of Reflection
i) The angle of
incidence is equal to
angle of reflection.

ii) The incident ray, the

normal and the
reflected ray lie on the
same plane.
Plane Mirror
Image formed by plane mirror is
always erect and virtual. The size of
image is equal to the size of object.
The image formed is far behind the
mirror as the object in front of it.
The image is also laterally inverted.
 Spherical Mirrors
Spherical mirror is a curved mirror which is
a part of a hollow sphere. Spherical mirrors
are of two types. They are concave mirror
and convex mirror.
SPHERICAL
MIRROR

CONCAVE CONVEX
CONCAVE MIRROR

A spherical mirror
whose reflecting
surface is curved
inwards is a concave
mirror. It is also known
as converging mirror.
Convex Mirror
A spherical mirror
whose reflecting
surface is curved
outwards is called
convex mirror. It is
also known as
diverging mirror.
 Refraction
When light travels obliquely
from one transparent medium
into another it gets bent. This
bending of light is called
refraction of light.
Laws of Refraction
i) The incident ray, the
refracted ray and the normal
to the interface of two
transparent media at the
point of incidence, all lie in
the same plane.
ii) The ratio of sine of angle
of incidence to the sine of
angle of refraction is a
constant. This law is also
called Snells law.
Refractive Index
The absolute refractive index of a
medium is the ratio of the speed of light
in air or vacuum to the speed of light in
medium.

ractive Index Of Some Media

MEDIUM INDEX
Air 1
Water 1.33
Ice 1.31
Alcohol 1.36
Spherical Lenses
pherical Lenses
A spherical lens is a transparent material bounded
by two surfaces one or both of which are
spherical.
Spherical
Lens

CONCAVE CONVEX
Convex lens
Convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges. Rays of
light parallel to the principal axis after refraction through a convex lens
meet at a point (converge) on the principal axis.

Concave lens
Concave lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges. Rays of
light parallel to the principal axis after refraction get diverged and
appear to come from a point on the principal axis on the same side of
the lens.
ges Formed By Convex L
Object Image Image size Nature of
position position image
At Infinity At F2 Diminished Real &
Inverted
Behind 2F1 B/W F2 &2f2 Small Real &
Inverted
At 2f1 At 2F2 Same Real &
Inverted

Between F Beyond 2F2 Magnified Real &

And 2F Inverted

At F1 At Infinity Highly Real &

Magnified Inverted

B/W The Same Side Magnified Virtual And

ges Formed By Concave
Object Image Image Nature
position position size of image

At Infinity At F1 Diminish Virtual

ed And Erect
B/W O & Between Small Virtual
Infinity O And F1 And Erect
Made by:

Clas
Tanishka s
Chhabra
X