JJ310- STRENGTH OF

MATERIALS

BENDING STRESSES
 1. To know about
convention symbols
for bending stress

6. Use the bending

equations to solve
problems involving
2. Derive the equation
strength and bending
of bending stresses
for the simply
supported and
cantilever beam

BENDING
STRESS

5. Calculate the
3. Understanding
second moment of
types of section
area (I) for the
standard
standard section

4. Calculate the
neutral axis (NA)
for standard of
section
1. CONVENTION SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION UNIT

E
Youngs Modulus ( N/m2 )
F
Concentrated Load (N)
I Second Moment Area ( m4 )
Ic Second Moment Area around centroid axis ( m4 )

IG Second moment area around the center of gravity ( m4 )

IPN Second moment area around the neutral axis ( m4 )

Ixx Second moment area around x x axis ( m4 )

Bending Moment ( Nm )
M
Radius of Curvature (m)
R
STRESSES IN BEAMS
Forces and couples acting on the beam cause
bending (flexural stresses) and shearing stresses
on any cross section of the beam and deflection
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
beam.

If couples are applied to the ends of the beam and

no forces act on it, the bending is said to be pure
bending. If forces produce the bending, the
bending is called ordinary bending.
ASSUMPTIONS
In using the following formulas for flexural and
shearing stresses, it is assumed that:-

a plane section of the beam normal to its

longitudinal axis prior to loading remains plane
after the forces and couples have been applied

the beam is initially straight and of uniform cross

section and that the modulus of elasticity in
tension and compression are equal.
ALLOCATION OF BENDING STRESS
A B

Referring on beside M
M
E F

figure, the original P

y
Q

position of the C D Rajah 9.2

beam is shown (a)

partially in Figure
O

9.2 (a)
R

When the beam is M A

P.N.

curved, the part E

B
M

will be show as in
F
P
y

Figure 9.2 (b).

Q
C
D
Rajah 9.2
(b)
 For such a curvature, A B

the longitudinal layer M

E F M

of the beam along the

y
P Q

top surface (AB) will C D

be in compression, Rajah 9.2

(a)

while the lower surface

O

(CD) will be in tension.

R

Between the layers AB M A

P.N.

and CD, the length of E

B
M

one layer does not

F
P
y

change when the bent

Q
C
D

beam.
Rajah 9.2
(b)
 A B

M
E F M

Thelayers is called
y
P Q

the neutral axis (N.A) C D

or neutral plane. O
Rajah 9.2
(a)

Thebending stress ()

R

at N.A = 0.
P.N.
M A

B
E M
F
P
y
Q
C
D

Rajah 9.2
(b)
 Distance of neutral axis from A B

the center of curvature is called M

the radius of curvature (R). E F M
y
P Q

For any layer of PQ (a distance C D

y from the N.A) is curved and Rajah 9.2

elongated and it become to P'Q'. O

(a)

The layers along N.A become to R

E'F.
P.N.
M A
EF = EF = R B

original length, PQ = EF = R
E M
F
P
y
Q
Final length, PQ = (R+y) C
D

Rajah 9.2
(b)
 The elongation of PQ
PQ Strain A B
Original length
M
E F M

(R y) - R
y
P Q

R C D
Rajah 9.2
(a)

y O

R
R

y P.

Stress at PQ, E
M A
N.

R E
B
M
F
P

E
y
Q

C

.......................eq. (1) D

y R Rajah 9.2

(b)
 Based on Figure 9.2 (c), the cross section area for shaded strip is
= A.
Suppose that the longitudinal stress on the line = .
N
E
Moment around N.A y. A x y
R
y P
Have been proven, E. y A

R
E
So, the force on the strip y.A Rajah 9.2: Allocation of bending stress
R
The total moments of beam cross section:-

E 2
y .A
R
E
E 2
M y . A M I
R R
Note;

I y 2 . A is moment second area around neutral axis

But to balance the bending beam, the moment of resistance must be

equal to the applied moments.

E M E
Therefore:- M .I or
R I R
When combined with equation 1, then:-

M E This equation is used to solve the

problem of the bending stresses
I y R
BENDING MOMENT OF BEAM (WITH
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD)
For Simply Supported Beam:-

The maximum bending moment can be determined

using the formula below:
2

M wL
max
8
BENDING MOMENT OF BEAM (WITH
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD)

For Cantilever Beam

The maximum bending moment can be determined

using the formula below:

M wL
max
2
WE WILL
CONTINUE.AFTER
TAKE 5.
EXERCISE:-
1. What is the meaning of symbol (I) in the general
bending stress below
M E

I y R
A. Second moment of inertia
B. Centroid
C. Radius of curvature (jejari kelengkungan)
D. Bending moment
EXERCISE:-
2. What is the meaning of symbol (M) in the
general bending stress below
M E

I y R
A. Second moment of inertia
B. Centroid
C. Radius of curvature
D. Bending moment
EXERCISE:-
3. What is the meaning of symbol (y) in the general
bending stress below
M E

I y R
A. Second moment of inertia
B. Centroid
C. Radius of curvature
D. Bending moment
EXERCISE:-

4.The formula bending moment for For Simply

Supported Beam is:-
2
A.
M wL
max
2
2

B. M wL
max
8
2

C. M wL
max
16
EXERCISE:-

5.The formula bending moment Cantilever Beam:-

2
A.
M wL
max
2
2

B.
M wL
max
8
2

C.
M wL
max
16
ANSWER:-
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
INTRODUCTION SECOND MOMENT OF AREA

Inthis unit, the bending equation will be

used to determine the bending stress of
standard forms.

To obtain the bending stress, the position

of neutral axis (N.A) and second moment
of area (or moment of inertia) for
standard forms (I) should be calculated.
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA RECTANGULAR
SECTION
Rectangular:
Second moment of area is defined as I y 2 dA
Thus, for a rectangular section, second moment of area in PN, is
d / 2
I P .N.
d / 2
y 2 dy
A
b

B
dA

dy

d/2
b - d/2
y 2 dy
d
P.N.
y

d / 2
y 3
b
3 d / 2
C D

Figure 10.1: Rectangular cross-section beam

bd 3
Second moment of area
12 at the N.A axis
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA RECTANGULAR I-
SECTION
B

b b
C

IN.A = IACEF Ib.b ;

A

P.N.
d D

b.b = part of shaded area

E F
Rajah 10.2: Rasuk Berkeratan Rentas I

3 3
BD 2 (bd ) To obtain the second
- moment of area by using the
12 12 cut-of
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA CIRCULAR SECTION

Figure 10.3 shows a circle of

radius r. The shaded
dr
elements shown in the figure
r
has an area dA and therefore
the following equation is d
ro
formed: -

dA = rd
Rajah 10.3: Rasuk Berkeratan Rentas Bulat
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA CIRCULAR SECTION
From the polar coordinate
system:-
I P.N. y 2 dA

y = r sin
2 ro
Second moment of area at
0 0
r 2 sin 2 rd dr
N.A for a circular section is
given by:- r0
2 r4

0
sin d
4 0

dr
r 4
r 2

d
0
4 0
sin 2 d
ro

r 4

Rajah 10.3: The Circular cross section
4
THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXIS

Parallel axis theorem states that the second

moment of area on any axis parallel to the NA
(the axis X - X) is equal to the second moment of
area around the axis through the centroid of the
(NA) plus the product of cross-sectional area and
square of the distance between the axis parallel dA
to the PN
y
P N

I xx y dA
2
y
h

x x
Rajah 10.4: Rectangular section beam
 d
THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXIS A
y
P N
If the NA line is drawn parallel to y
the line x-x, then the formula above h
can be described as follows: -
x x

Rajah 10.4: Rectangular section beam

y y' h
The first integral is the second moment
of area about an axis through the center
I xx 2
( y' h ) of the form.
The second integral is the first moment

(y' ) of area about an axis through the center

2
2y' h h 2 dA
of the form, so it is equal tozero.
y' dA

The last integral is to the total cross-

sectional area. Next the equation above
(y' ) dA 2h y' dA h dA
2 2

can be written as:-

NOTE:
Ixx = IP.N. + Ah 2
h = distance from the midpoint of part of
section in parallel with the neural axis.
STANDARD SECTION SCHEDULE
From the equation that has been made, we can be brief as the table
below: -
STANDARD SECTION SCHEDULE
CENTROID (Y) - A COMBINATION FORM

The form of a diagram can be

produced by combining several P
basic form or cut the original
diagram.
A D

The form in Figure 10.5 (a) is

produced by combining the
rectangular ABCD with B C

semicircular ADP.
CENTROID - A COMBINATION FORM
For Figure 10.5 (a) a high centroid of every basic form of BC is not
the same that y1 y2
p P

A D
A D
A DD C
y2
y
y1
C
B C B
Rajah 10.5(b)

Therefore,

y
Ay
A
(A1 y1 A 2 y 2 )

(A1 A 2 )
CENTROID - TRUNCATED FORM
In Figure 10.6 (a) part of square DEFG is cut and removed from the
original rectangular form of ABCH.

A
Figure 10.6 (a) a high centroid for each basic shape of H

the line BC is equal (Figure 10.6 (b)). So: - F

G

E
D

B C
A H
A H
Rajah 10.6(a)
F G
G
F

E
y1 y D y
E D
2

B
B C C
Rajah 10.6(b)
CENTROID - TRUNCATED FORM
Referring to Figure 10.7, form of L can be produced by
combining two rectangular or separated and cut methods of
rectangular EDGF from ABCG.

A G F G A F

y2
E D
y1 y
E D
B C B C

If using the cut and split, use the following formula:

y
Ay
A
(A1 y1 A 2 y 2 )

(A1 A 2 )
THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION
If the for every layer of the upper surface to the bottom surface
of the beam is determined, the values can be plotted on a graph
as follows. The graph shows the distribution of the bending
stress.
Look at the value of is not dependent on cross-sectional width
of a strip. In layer N.A, = 0.

- compressive

5 cm

P.N.
=0

7 cm

- tensile
THANK YOU

Q&A
EXERCISE:-
1. The equation of the second moment of area
for rectangular shape is:-
A. d 2
4
d 3
B.
12

d 4
C.
12

d 3
D. 4
EXERCISE:-
2. The equation of the second moment of area for
circular section is:-
A. r 4

B. r 2
4

C. r 2
12
r 4
D.
4
EXERCISE:-
3. This below formula is state of :-
I xx y
2
dA
A. Second moment of area

B. Position of neutral axis

C. Theorem of parallel axis

D. Modulus of section
EXERCISE:-
4. Which is the formula is to determine the
distance of centroid?
A. Ay
A

B. Ah
A

Ay 2

C. A

Ay
D. Ah
EXERCISE:-
5. Which if the unit of second moment of area?
A. m4
B. m2
C. Nm2
D. N/m2

6. Based the figure on right side, the label of x and y to

determine second moment of area for rectangular
shape is:-
A. X = h and Y = d
B. X = d and Y = b X

C. X = b and Y = d
D. X = d and Y = h
Y
EXERCISE:-
EXAMPLE 1 60
mm
20
16 kN 16 mm
kN
15 80
1m 1m mm mm
6m

A T bar with a length 6 meters incur of a concentrated load. Each load is 16 kN at a

distance of 1 m from both ends of the beam. Bar is simply supported on both ends as in

Figure 10.3 (a). The cross section bar is shown in Figure 10.3 (b). Calculate the following: -

a. Distance of neutral axis from the bottom of the beam.

b. Second moment of area around the neutral axis.

c. The radius of curvature at the mid span of the beam.

d. Maximum the compressive and the tensile bending stress in the beam
Given E= 200 GN / m2
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-
i. Calculate the distance of neutral axis from the bottom of the beam.

Step 1:
Divide of those sections into two parts. Calculate the centroid of the area and distance for each part
of the sectional base.
 SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-

Step 2:
Determine the distance on the bottom of neutral axis cross section

Since we using the method

A1y1 A 2 y 2
y of cut sections, use this
A1 A 2 formula.

(1200 x 90 ) (1200 x 40 )

(1200 1200)

65 mm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-
ii. Calculate the second moment of area around the neutral axis .

Step 3:
Calculate the second moment of area and distance h for each section.

Second moment of area at the neutral axis is

IP.N. = ( IC1 + A1h12 ) + ( IC2 + A2h22 )
= ( 40,000 + ( 1200 x 252 ) ) + ( 640,000 + ( 1200 x 252 ) )
= 2.18 x 106 mm4
= 2.18 x 10-6 m4
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-

iii. The radius of curvature at the midspan of the 16

16
beam. kN kN
Step 4:
1m 1m
M E EI
Use formula:- R 6m
I y R M
R1 R2

From the loading shown, we find that the order (+

of loading is symmetrical, so the reactions:- )

(-)

R1 = R2 = 16 kN
G.D.R

From B.M.D, the bending moment of the

midspan beam is:- (+)

M = 16 kNm ( hogging )
G.M.L.
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-

The radius of curvature at the midspan of the beam.

M E EI
R
I y R M

200 x 109 x 2.18 x 10-6

R
16 x 103

27.25 m
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-

iv. Maximum the compressive and the tensile bending stress in the beam.

Step 5:

Refer to the diagram of the beam section, we find that:-

ylower > yupper

The maximum produced at the lower surface is :

ymax = 65 mm = 0.065 m

M max y max 16 x 103 x 0.065

I 2.18 x 10 -6

477 x 10 6 N/mm 2 ( tensile )

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1:-

The maximum produced at the upper surface is ,

ymax = 35 mm = 0.035 m

M max y max 16 x 103 x 0.035

I 2.18 x 10 -6
256.8 x 106 N/m 2 ( compressiv e )
EXAMPLE 2:
A 1 meter cantilever beam loads uniformly distributed along the
span of the beam. Beam cross section is shown in below figure,
where EE is the upper surface of the beam. Determine the the
following: -
i. the neutral axis of cross section.
ii. Second moment of area around the neutral axis.
iii. Maximum tensile and compressive stress in the beam results
from sagging.

120
20 kN/m mm
E E
40 mm

1m 60 80 mm
mm
y
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:

Step 1:
Divide of those sections into two parts. Get wide and centroid of
distance each part of the sectional base.
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:

i. Distance of neutral axis on the bottom of the cross section.

A1 y1 A 2 y2
y
A1 A2

(4800 x 100 ) ( 4800 x 40 )

(4800 4800)

70 mm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:

ii. Second moment of area around the neutral axis.

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:

Second moment of area around the neutral axis.

IP.N. = ( IC1 + A1h12 ) + ( IC2 + A2h22 )

= ( 640 x 103 + ( 4800 x 302 ) ) + ( 2560 x 103 + ( 4800 x 302 ) )

= 11.84 x 106 mm4

= 1.184 x 10-5 m4
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:

iii. Maximum bending moment occurs at the bar met the wall of :

Mmax = w L2 = (20 x 103) (12 ) = 10,000 Nm = 10 kNm

2 2

Since the beam is hogging, the top surface will have the lower
surface tension and compression
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2:
ylower maximum = 70 mm

yupper maximum = 120 70 = 50 mm

M M max y max
max
I y I

10,000 x 50 x 10 -3
max tensile 42.23 MN/m 2
1.184 x 10-5

10,000 x 70 x 10-3
max compressiv e 59.12 MN/m 2
1.184 x 10 -5
EXAMPLE 3:
a. A cross section of a beam as shown in below figure.
Calculate :-
i. The neutral axis for the beam
ii. second moment of area around the neutral axis.

b. If the beam is simply supported at both ends carrying a uniform

load of 30 kN / m on the entire spans with a length 3m,
calculate the bending stresses in the beam on: -
80 mm
iii. the upper surface 20

iv. the lower surface

mm

10
mm 20 mm

P.N
100 .
mm
100 mm

10 mm

40
mm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:

a. The section can be considered a T-shaped 1

grafting yield from second and first part.

P.N.

While the center is divided punched a hole 3

as rectangular shape (part 3). 2

80
Get area for each of divisions involved :- mm
20
m
10 m
20
mm
mm
Part 1 A1 = 80 x 20 = 1600 mm2 100
P.
N
mm
Part 2 A2 = 40 x 100 = 4000 mm2 . 100
mm
10
Part 3 A3 = 20 x 100 = 2000 mm2 mm 40
m
m

Calculate the distance y from the base of the T

section.
y1 = 100 + 10 = 110 mm ; y2 = 50 mm;
y3 = 10 + 50 = 60 mm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:

Dapatkan nilai y dengan menggunaka n formula y

Ay
i.
A
A1 y1 A 2 y 2 - A 3 y3
y
A1 A 2 A 3

(1600 x 110) (4000 x 50) - (2000 x 60)

(1600 4000 - 2000)

71.1 mm 1

P.N.

2
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:

ii. Get a second moment of area around the neutral axis.

_
h1 = y1 - y = 110 65.3 = 44.7 mm
_
h2 = y - y2 = 65.3 50 = 15.3 mm
_
h3 = y - y3 = 65.3 60 = 5.3 mm

Get Ah2 value of each part.

A1h12 = 1600 x ( 44.7 )2 = 3.2 x 106 mm4

A2h22 = 4000 x ( 15.3 )2 = 936 x 103 mm4
A3h32 = 2000 x ( 5.30 )2 = 56 x 103 mm4
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
bd 3
Use Ic = formula to determine second moment of
12
area for each section.

80 x 203
IC1 = 53 x 103 mm 4
12
40 x 1003
IC2 = 3.33 x 103 mm 4
12
20 x 1003
IC3 = 1.67 x 106 mm 4
12

IP.N. = ( IC1 + A1h12 ) + ( IC2 + A2h22 ) - ( IC3 + A3h32 )

= 5.8 x 106 mm4
= 5.8 x 10-6 m4
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:
b. Get the reaction force at both ends A and B.
30 kN/m

3
m
RA RB

Total force on A = Total force on B

RA = R B

30 3
Therefore, RA = RB = kN 45 kN
2
Mmax will occur on midspan of the beam. Therefore,

Mmax = wL2 / 8
= 30 kN/m (32) / 8
= 33.75 kNm
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3:

We obtained that :

ylower = 71.1 mm Therefore, yupper = 120 71.1 = 48.9 mm

Thus;

M M max y max
max
I y I

33.75 x 103 x 0.0489

upper -6
291 MN/m 2
5.67 x10

33.75 x 103 x 0.0711

lower -6
423 MN/m 2
5.67 x10
EXERCISE
A 5 m cantilever beam loads uniformly distributed along the
span of the beam. Beam cross section is shown in the figure
below, where EE is the upper surface of the beam. Determine
the the following: -
i. the neutral axis of cross section.
ii. Second moment of area around the neutral axis.
iii. Maximum tensile and compressive stress in the beam results
from sagging.

120 mm
40 kN/m
E E

20 mm

5m 60 100
mm mm
y
Thank You.

Q&A