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SEDIMENTARY BASIN
Places where large-scale sedimentation takes place are called
sedimentary basins.
Depth, shape and size of a basin depend on tectonics, movements within the
Earth's lithosphere.
Where the lithosphere moves upward (tectonic uplift), land eventually rises
above sea level, so that and erosion removes material, and the area
becomes a source for new sediment.
These conditions, combined with the nature of the transporting agent and
the source area, largely determine the properties of ... (100 of 18499 words)
F A C I E S
Fasies Sedimentasi.
Endapan sedimen yang mempunyai ciriciri perbedaan yang sangat nyata , baik fisik, kimia atau
pun biologi.
Endapan berbutir kasar dari sebuah sedimen berbutir halus yang diendapkan dalam air yang
lebih tenang.
Fasies biasanya lebih mudah dikenali dari ukuran butir.
A= Sandstone facies (beachenvironment)
B = Shale facies (offshore marine environment)
C = Limestone facies (far from sources of terrigenous input)
F AC I E S
Dalam skala besar,
terlihat adanya suatu
kombinasi, mencakup
waktu dan ruang,
membangun suatu
PEMBENTUKAN FASIES SEDIMEN susunan unsur unsur
arsitektural sebuah
lingkungan pengendapan
tertentu. (contoh :
lateral-acrcretion
deposits, terbentuk dari
sebuah unsur
arsitektural dalam
lingkungan sungai
bermeander).
F AC I E S
Penampang stratigrafi vertikal biasanya akan dibagi bagi menjadi beberapa seri
yang berbeda, dengan tebal dan karakteristik masing2 . Aspek perbedan dari
setiap pengukuran ini dinyatakan sebagai fasies.
Transgressive sequence
Deeper water facies
Regressive sequence
overlie shallow water
Shallow water facies
facies. A deepening
overlie deeper water
upward" sequence.
facies. A shallowing
upward" sequence.
Landward Migration of Shoreline = Regression
(regression can either form due to 1) lower sea level or 2) shoreline building basinward [a.k.a. progradation])
F AC I E S
Stream deposits
sandstones with conglomerate in channels
cross bedding common
sands often pink with Fe-oxides, can be well sorted
interbedded with siltstone and claystone representing overbank deposits or pond-
fillings
soils may be present, particularly in fine-grained overbank or marsh deposits
fossils in overbank deposits or at the bases of channels
may have coal
both fining-upward and coarsening-upward sequences due to stream channel
migration
Sand dunes
well sorted sandstones
large scale cross bedding (1 m or more high)
discontinuous soils in blowouts,
tracks and trails in low areas between dunes
Shoreline deposits
fine-grained clay and mud rich in organic matter and root marks (back beach
marsh)
marsh sediments also have abundant fossils of brackish-water oysters and
snails (low diversity), wood common, sometimes mud cracks
channels filled with sand or silt,--red or pink if in freshwater, yellow or green
in salt water
beach is well sorted sand, few fossils, planar lamination
Foreshore (Plunge zone in breakers): gravelly to coarse sand, cross-bedding
and few burrows, yellow sand
7. offshore sandssandstone and siltstone, burrowed, high fossil
diversity, cross-bedded or massive beds depending upon water depth,
Reef systems
nearshore settings may be sandy (like the beaches above) or may consist of
"lime mud"
lagoonal lime mud with few types of fossils, lamninated beds, mud cracks,
stromatolites, often gray or black with Fe-pyrite., sometimes chert
reef composed of massive limestone with diverse fossils, no stratification
commonly with lots of pore space, even caverns where carbonates have been
dissolved away
fore reefblocks of reef limestone in lime mud, massive layers, contorted
bedding associated with slides or slumps
Offshorefine grained lime mud with abundant fossils, massive bedding
(often highly burrowed), sometimes chert
Graded Bedding = Vertical Decrease of
Sediment Size
Continent-Continent
upward transition from deep marine sedimentary rocks (turbidites)
to volcanic arc sediments to granitic/metamorphic-derived sediments
as the collision zone is uplifted and successively deeper rocks are
eroded
thick continental sedimentsalluvial fans, stream deposits
Continental interiors can have limestone, shale and coal reflecting
flooding and re-emergence from "epicontinental seas
Passive margins
sequence from continental sediments and salt (initial rifting)
to reef carbonates and shallow marine clastics (early rift phase)
to deep marine clastics and hemipelagic sediments (late stage of rift
and passive margins
. TAMAT. SEMENTARA
Sedimentology and Facies Characteristics of Sandstones
The term facies refers to all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit. The
characteristics of the rock unit come from the depositional environment. Every
depositional environment puts its own distinctive imprint on the sediment, resulting in
an almost unique facies. Thus, a facies is a distinct kind of rock for that area or
environment. Each depositional environment grades laterally into other environments.
We call this facies change when dealing with the sedimentary rock record.
Sedimentary facies is defined as a unit of rock that is distinguished by its
individual sedimentological character. Its individuality is a combination of all or some
of
the following characteristics such as sedimentary structures, fossil content, lithology,
geometry and paleocurrent pattern (Reineck & Singh, 1980; Tucker, 1981; Selley,
2000). Sedimentary facies reflects the physical, chemical and biological conditions
and
processes of the depositional environment.
Barrier
Alluvial
fan
F AC I E rivers Swamp lagoon beach Shallow
marine
limestone
Fasies Sedimen dinyatakan sebagai sebuah unit batuan yang dikenali dari individu karakter
sedimen.
F AC I E
FASIESDEFINISI DAN S
KETERKAITAN.
Fasies sedimen : Batuan secara
keseluruhan (tipe batuan)
mencerminkan lingkungan
pengendapan.
contoh : Fasies Batupasir;
Fasies batulempung,
Fasies batugamping
dan
Fasies garam (salt).
Aturan Umum:
menjelaskan lingkungan
pengendapan + fasies.
Catatan:
dalam fasies batuan ubahan
juga
menggunakan konsep yang
sama.
Istilah sedimentary Facies diterapkan pada batuansedimen dengan dasar
interpretasi diskriptip ataupun interpretasi karakteristik .
Contoh klasik dari hukum ini adalah urutan stratigrafi secara vertikal hasil
transgresi dan regresi laut. Tetapi, hukum ini tidak dapat dipakai dimana
kontak antara batuan berbeda, non-conformable ( i.e proses sedimentasi tidak
menerus), atau perubahan lingkungan secara mendadak dimana non-adjacent
environtment mengganti satu terhadap lainnya.
Facies and depositional environments
Regresi, turunnya permukaan air laut relatip terhadap daratan, menhasilkan nearshore
facies diendapkan diatas offshore afcies.
Transport of
sediment to
F A C I E S
shoreline Nearshore Offshore
Nearshore
high-energy low-energy
Offshore
high-energy
environment environments
low-energy
environment environments
Carbonate facies
Fasies Sedimentasi.
Endapan sedimen yang mempunyai ciriciri perbedaan yang sangat nyata , baik fisik, kimia
atau pun biologi.
Endapan berbutir kasar dari sebuah sedimen berbutir halus yang diendapkan dalam air
yang lebih tenang.
Fasies biasanya lebih mudah dikenali dari ukuran butir.
A=Sandstone facies (beachenvironment)
B = Shale facies (offshore marine environment)
C = Limestone facies (far from sources of terrigenous input)
sedimentary depositional environment describes the
combination of physical, chemical and biological processes
associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment.