a)

(: )

:
- ( ), 0
- ( ), 100

V(t ) a b t
t :

V V0
t 100
V100 V0
 a)

(: F)

:
- ( ), 32 F
- ( ), 212 F

.
:

t = (1.8t + 32) oF

,
.

() . , ,
, (
)
100 .


PV = const

(.
) .

p V .

:

1 p1V1

2 p 2V2
 1 = K ( ) 2 = L ( )
, :

K ( pV )K
1.3661
L ( pV )L

, . (100 ), :

K L 100

L 100
1.3661
L

L = 273.15 . je
,
,
273.15 .

:

, (
).

.
.

( )
(He, N2, H2)
.
.

,
.


(
)
1 Q1
Q2 2. :
A Q1 Q2

A Q1 Q2

Q1 Q1

:

T1 T2 Q1 Q2

T1 Q1
 T1 Q1

T2 Q2
.
,
.
(
), ( )
( ).

(: ). T
273.16
( ).

. :

. ( ).


N
1, 2,...i,.. ( ).
N ,
ni i - :
g i N exp( i / )
ni
g i exp( i / )
i

: gi = 2+1
,

, = k ,
: , k .

g i N exp( i / kT )
ni
gi exp( i / kT )
i
 ( ,
), (
) - ,
i :

g i N exp( i / kT )

ni
g i exp( i / kT ) gi j i
i
exp

nj g j N exp( j / kT ) g j kT
g j exp( j / kT )
j

, .


c15
Lc , ( ,T )
c
exp 2 1
T
Lc , ( , T )

2hc 2
1 c1 1.9191 10 16 Wm 2 sr 1
o

hc
2 c2 0.014388 K m
k
 1 2,
:

c2
exp 1
Lc1, ( ,T1 ) T2

Lc 2 , ( ,T2 ) c2
exp 1
T1

.
, .
.


ITS 90
.
,

.

1889. .
.
.
25 100 . 1913.
.
) ITS 27

( )
,
.
,
Pt Rh(10%)/Pt , .

: (0 )
(182.97 ), (100 ) (444.60 ).
90 ,

.

Pt Rh(10%)/Pt :
(960.5 ) (1063 )
(630.5 ), ITS 27.

.
) ITS 48

ITS 27 :
,
Pt Rh(10%)/Pt
,
960.8 , ,
.

ITS 48 1960.
IPTS 48. :
0.01
,
419.505 .
) ITS 68

IPTS 68
.
,

IPTS 48.

13.81 .
: (13.81 ),
33330.6 (17.042 ),
(20.28 ), (27.102 ),
(54.361 ) (231.9681 ).

IPTS 68,
: (90.188 ),
(419.58 ), (961.93 )
(1064.43 ).
) ITS 90

ITS 90
1989. . ITS 90
(: 90)
(: t90). 90 (: ),
t90 (: ).

ITS 90 0.65
. ITS 90

90. ,

.

ITS 90

. 0 ITS 90
.
 1. ITS 90
 3.0 (24.5561 ) 90
,
.

(13.8033 )
(961.78 ) 90
.
.
.
.
W(90) R(90)
90 R (273.16 ) , :

R( T90 )
W ( T90 )
R( 273.16 K )

:

W(29.7646 oC) 1.11807

W(-38.8344 oC) 0.844235

,
:

W(961.78 oC) 4.2844

(961.78 ) 90
:
(961.78 ) (1064.18 ) (1084.62 ),
.
.


( ).
.

p1
T1 273.16 K
p2
2 (273.16 K).

V1
T1 273.16 K
V2

V2 .

:

-- (H, H2, N2
0.1 1 ). :

a) j
( );

b) k .
;

.

(, , , );

(
).


(t = 0 oC),
:

1 pk
t 1
po
1 / 273.15, 0 .

k t
(4) ,

VS :

V 1 t
p k po 1 t kp S
Vo 1 t S


(t = 0 oC),
:

V 1
t 1
Vo

1 / = 1 / 273.15, V
0 .

V t :

V To 1 t
Vo V ' d Vd ( V ' S VS )
Vo TS Vo

: Vd t, Vd
0 , VS t, VS 0 , TS
( ).


12 t)
( :

R2 R1
12
R1 ( T2 T1 )
:

T 12 R1
().
.
:

1 R

R T


.
(
) (
).

,
:

R RS 1 1 ( T TS ) 2 ( T TS )2

i (i = 1,2n) , RS S
.
:

R RS 1 S ( T TS )
 ITS 90
(13.8033 )
(961.78 ).

(0
150 ) ,
. 0 260 ,
.

0 260 .
230 260
, .

0
260 , 60 150 .
,
0.01 0.1 .
 ()

(
),
:

1. ;

2.
;

3. R = f(t) .

1 1
R RS exp B
T TS
:
1 dR B
2
R dT T
 :

(.
100 0.001 25 ,
0.0004 ,
2 ( 46 ).

( );

(
).

60 100 , ,
(l 23,
g, B,...) . 1
35 , .


R1
RT RV1 RV 2 RS RT RV1 RV 2 RS RV1 RV 2 RT RV1 RS RV 2
R2


RB
R1 = R2,
RS = RT.
(
RT) . 1
V4. V1
RT, V2
RS.

R R R:R
T V1 S1 V2

V1 V2 ,

V3. V1
RS, V2
RT.
RS1 RS2 :
RT RT RV2 RS 2 RV1
2
K

1,
RP
D . :
RT RP1 kl1

2
RP
D
:

RS RP2 kl 2

l1
RT RS
l2



:

A Lc, ( ,T ) o ( ) f ( )d
0

A ;

A ;

Lc,(,T)
T;

o() ;

f() ;
:

c
Lc , ( ,T ) c15 exp 2
T
 I
:

I A R( )Lc , ( ,T ) o ( ) f ( )d
0

R() :

dI
R( )
d

1 2 :

I T1 R( )Lc, ( ,T1 ) o ( ) f ( )d
0

I T2
R( )Lc, ( ,T2 ) o ( ) f ( )d
0

c2 1 1
I T1 I T2 exp
1,2 T2 T1
1,2 1 2

1 1 1 1
c 2 c 2
1, 2 2 T1
T
2 T1
T
I
ln 1
R( ) Lc, ( , T1 ) o ( ) f ( )d I2
ln 0

R( ) Lc, ( , T2 ) o ( ) f ( )d
0

I1 = Ical
1 = cal ,
I2 = I 2 = ,
, :
c2
T
c2
I
1,2 ln cal e
1 ,2Tcal
1 1

I



c
52 exp 2 1
Lc1, ( 1 ,T ) 2T I1

Lc 2 , ( 2 ,T ) c I2
15 exp 2 1
1T

I1 I2 1 2 .

c 2 2 1
T
I
1 2 5 ln 2 ln 1
1 I2

:

c15
L ( ,T ) ( ,T )Lc , ( ,T ) ( ,T )
c
exp 2 1
T

c 2 2 1
T
I
1 2 5 ln 2 ln 1 ln 1
1 I2 2


OSRAM Wi 17G