FIRE PROTECTION

EQUIPMENT &
SYSTEMS
Team Members :
1. Mohamad Hisyam
Fire Protection
Each of these three elements must be present at
the same time to have a fire. A fire will burn until
one or more of the elements is removed.
Fuel
Any combustible material solid, liquid or gas

Heat
Oxygen
The energy necessary to
The air we breathe is
increase the temperature of
about 21% oxygen
fuel to where sufficient
fire needs only
vapors are given off for
16% oxygen
ignition to occur
Fire Protection
Water Based Fire- Suppression Systems
Fire-Suppression Sprinkler Systems

Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems

Dry-Pipe Sprinkler Systems

Preaction Sprinkler Systems

Combined Dry-Pipe and Preaction Sprinkler

systems
Deluge Fire-Suppression Sprinkler Systems

Water Spray Fixed Systems

Foam-Water Systems
Fire Protection
Fire Extinguishers
 Extinguisher
Classification
Letter classification given an extinguisher to designate the class or
classes of fire on which it will be effective.

Class A ordinary combustibles

(wood, cloth, paper)
Class B flammable liquids, gases,
greases
Class C energized electrical
equipment
Class D combustible
Ordinary Flammable
metals
Electrical
Combustible

A B
Liquids
C
Equipment
D
Combustibles Metals
 There are 4 classes of fire:
Class A
Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as
wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.
Class B
Flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline,
kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.
Class C
Energized electrical equipment, such as appliances,
switches, panel boxes and power tools.
Class D
Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium, and sodium.
Multi-Class Ratings
Many extinguishers available today can be used on different types
of fires and will be labeled with more than one designator, e.g. A-B,
B-C, or A-B-C.
This label shows that this extinguisher
can be used on ordinary combustibles
(A) or flammable liquids (B). The
red slash through the last symbol New Style of Labeling
tells you that the extinguisher cannot
be used on electrical fires (C).
Be advised that most fire
extinguishers will function for
Old Style of Labeling
less than 40 seconds.
 In the event of a fire,
your personal safety is your
most important concern.

Remember you are

not required to fight a fire.
BEFORE you consider fighting a fire . . .

Call the fire department.

Confirm that the fire is small and is not spreading.
Confirm you have a safe path to an exit not threatened
by the fire.
You know what kind of
extinguisher is required
and the correct extinguisher
is immediately at hand.
 Remember!

Your Safety Comes First

When in doubt,
leave the fire
fighting to the
professionals
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems
Wet Sprinkler System
Dry Sprinkler System
Deluge Sprinkler System
Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Types of Systems
 Fire Protection
Wet Sprinkler Systems
Most installed
Most reliable
Simple
Only operating components being the
automatic sprinklers
An automatic water supply provides water
under pressure to the system piping.
Fire Protection
Wet Sprinkler Systems
Water is in branch lines and at the sprinkler
heads at all times
Wet Systems cannot be in areas that may
freeze
Water pressure must be maintained at all times
Water Pumps are put in place to keep water
pressure at a certain PSI
There is no delay in time that water is put on
the fire
Require the least amount of maintenance
An opening sprinkler head triggers the
system
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Installed where temperature will freeze
water in a wet pipe system.
Most often used in unheated buildings, in
parking garages, in outside canopies
attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Require Air Pressure instead of water in the Branch
Lines
The Air Pressure holds down a Clapper Valve,
so that water can not be introduced into the
system, unless the air pressure is lost
Used in areas that may freeze
An air compressor keeps a constant pressure in the
system
When a Fire releases a sprinkler head, the air is
released from the piping, and stops holding down the
valve that was holding the water back, and
water is released
 Pipes in protected space are filled with
air or inert gas; an opening sprinkler
head, triggers the system by releasing the
air or gas, which allows water to flow into
the pipes and then out through the open
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Standpipes are used in stairwells to have
a water way established for hand lines.
These systems have a high maintenance
cost, due to corrosion in the pipe with
only air, and a little bit of water.
Might take up to 60 seconds to get water
on the fire, depending on how big the
system is.
Typical Dry Pipe Valve
 Dry Pipe Sprinkler
The Exhauster detects decrease in air
pressure and helps bleed off air,
 Dry Pipe Sprinkler
The Accelerator detects decrease in air
pressure and pipes air pressure below the
clapper valve, to speed up its opening,
Fire Protection

Dry Sprinkler Systems

Typical
Dry
Pipe
Sprinkl
er set
up
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs. Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by
either a fusible link or a glass bulb that
contains a heat-sensitive liquid.
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part

metal element that is fused by a heat-

sensitive alloy.
Water is only released by sprinkler heads

where the ambient temperature reaches a

specified level
Fire Protection
Glass bulb sprinkler heads have a small
glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive
liquid.
This glass bulb holds the pip cap in place.
When the ambient temperature of the
liquid reaches a certain level, the liquid
expands causing the glass bulb to break,
which allows the pip cap to fall away
releasing water.
Deluge System
Fire Protection
Deluge
Deluge Valves are used in special areas
Sprinkler heads are open at all times
Used in High Hazard areas
Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or
heat detection
Deluge systems are needed where high
velocity suppression is necessary
 Deluge Sprinkler

Pipes are not filled with water (or gas),

All sprinkler heads are pre-opened,

A signal from a detection device

mechanically opens a water valve,
water fills the pipes and flows from all
heads,
water flows until shut off,
system is reset.
 Deluge Sprinkler
Primarily installed in special hazard areas
that have fast spreading fire, ( i.e. petroleum
facilities, hazardous materials),

Are also used to apply protein and AFFF

foams,

Activation will cause great quantities of

water or foam to flow,

Usually requires several detectors to

activate before discharging.
 Pipes in protected area are empty; a
detector signal triggers the system,
allowing water/foam to enter pipes and
flow from all sprinkler heads (which are
already open),
 Deluge System
Restoration of the System;

the deluge clapper valve must be

manually reset with the latching
mechanism in place,

the detection system is re-activated,

because of these procedures, it is not

recommended for the FD to restore the
system, leave it to the professionals.
Pre-Action System
 Pre-Action Sprinkler
Pipes are not filled with water,

All sprinkler heads are of the standard type

(they are closed),

A detection device opens a water valve,

Water fills the pipes,

Water only flows from a sprinkler head if it is

opened by heat from a fire,

Water flows until shut off and system is

 Pre-Action Sprinkler
Used primarily to protect property where
water could severely damage facilities or
equipment, (historical items)

Similar to dry-pipe and deluge system;

closed piping,
little or no air/gas pressure,
water does not flow to the sprinkler
heads until detector activates,
water on fire after sprinkler head fuses,

Turns into a wet system, but allows

personnel to check/fight fire before head
 Pipes in protected area are empty; a
detector signal triggers the system,
allowing water to enter pipes and flow into
piping network; heat from a fire may then
open a sprinkler head; accidental damage
 Pre-Action Sprinkler
Restoration of the System;

the deluge clapper valve must be manually

reset with the latching mechanism in place,

the detection system, with supervisory

features is re-activated,

because of these procedures, it is not

recommended for the FD to restore the
system, leave it to the professionals.
 Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler
Heads
 Sprinkler Heads
Frangible bulb Fusible link

The typical sprinkler head is activated by

heat (temperature),

opens when a triggering action occurs,

a frangible bulb breaks (color indicates
temperature setting),
a fusible link melts,
water flows when head is opened,
water is manually shut off,
once activated, head must be replace,
Fire Protection

Designer type of sprinkler

heads.
Sprinkler Head Parts
fusible
link
Fused Sprinkler Head
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
frangible
bulb
Frangible Bulb Head
Fire Protection
Commonly use bulb color :
 Fire Protection
Working principles :-
Chemical pellet
Recessed
(flush)
Fire Protection
Over 50,000 types of sprinkler heads are
available for designers.
Based On:
System Type
Activation Temperature
Orifice Size
Thread Size
Coverage
Finish
Fusible Type
Fire Protection

Pendant
s
Fire Protection
Actual Pendant sprinkler head
Fire Protection

Uprights
 Fire Protection
Actual Upright sprinkler head
Fire Protection
Sidewalls

Sidewalls
 Fire Protection
Actual Sidewall sprinkler head
Fire Protection

Concealed
 Fire Protection
Actual Concealed sprinkler head
Fire Protection

Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system

Discharging a mixture of water and low

expansion foam concentrate

Used with special hazards occupancies
associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids
airport hangars.
 Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
 Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System