Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meters
BY
ROUTHU SATYANARAYANA
Bearings:
Expansion Joints
Foundations:
Communications-Bridges
Basic Data:
Site plan with contours showing the flow direction of the canal, road
way angle (direction of skew if any), and the approach of the road for
200m on either side.
LS of the canal and the road for at least 250 m on either side of
crossing.
Cross sections of the canal and the road duly marking, Levels, such
as BL, FSL, TBL, GL, road crust level etc.,
Structural Design.
i. Super structure
Structural Design:
Super structure
Substructure.
Table-1
Category Canal Discharge Stream Discharge
Flood Frequency
in cumecs in cumecs
Table-1
Free board:
It shall not be less than 750mm for approaches to high level
bridges.
Scour Depth:
Mean scour depth is the depth (dm) below HFL or FSL in m
d = 1.34[q2 /f]1/3
Where, q = Discharge per meter width with or without
concentration of flow in cumecs,
f = Layces silt factor expressed as f = 1.76 (d m )1/2
dm = average grain size
Bridges-Hydraulic design
Well foundation:
1.5m above
Bridges Structural design
Loading Classification
For Class A or Class B Loading for spans (L) in m between 3m and 45m
For RCC bridges = 4.5/(6+L)
For Steel bridges + 9.00/(13.5+L)
For Class AA Loading and Class 70R Loading
Spans < 9m
Tracked Vehicle: 25% for spans up to 5m linearly reducing to 10% for spans 9m
Wheeled vehicles: 25%
Steel bridges:
Tracked vehicles: 10% for all sans
Wheeled vehicles: 25% for spans up to 23m and in accordance with curves for
span > 23m
Bridges Structural design
Loads, Forces and Stresses:
Impact:
No impact allowance is added for footway bridges
If the earth filling is > 600mm including the road crust the impact shall be reduced to 50%.
Pressure on the top 3m of the structure below the bed block 50% decrease to Zero at
bottom
Pressure on the portion of the structure > 3m below bed block - Zero
Bridges Structural design
Loads, Forces and Stresses:
i. Wind Load:
Horizontal force:
For deck- area as seen in elevation including floor and railing, less area of perforation in
the hand railing
For through or half trough structures- The area of elevation of the wind ward truss as
specified as above plus half the area of elevation above he deck level of all other trusses
or girders.
The intensity of wind force based on wind pressure and wind velocity.
It shall be doubled for Guntur, Krihna, Godavri, Visakha, Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam
districts along the coast line
Bridges Structural design
The lateral wind force against any exposed moving live load as acting 1.5m above road way and shall be
assumed to have the following value.
a. Highway bridges , ordinary : 300 Kgs/linear meter
b. Highway bridge carrying tramway: 450 Kgs/linear meter
The bridge no carrying any live load when the wind velocity at deck level exceeds 130 Kms per hour.
The total assumed wind forces as calculated in accordance above cl.1 to 4, shall however , not less than 450
Kg per linear meter in plane of the load chord and 225 Kg per liner meter in the plane of unloaded chord on
through or half through truss, lattice or other similar spans, and not les than 450 Kg per linear meter on
deck slab.
A wind pressure f 240 Kg/Sqm on the unloaded structure, applied as specified in cl1, 2, shall be used if it
produces greater stresses than those produced by the combined wind forces as peer cl. 1, 2,4 or by the wind
force as per cl.5
Bridges Loads, Forces,&
Stresses
Horizontal Forces Due to Water Currents:
On piers parallel to the direction of the water current, the intensity of pressure shall
be as follows:
P = 52 KV2
The force due to breaking effect acting at 1.2 m above parallel to road way.
Bridges Loads, Forces,&
Stresses
The change in vertical reaction at the bearings to be accounted for.
Plate bearings up to 15m span for RCC or Pre stressed super structure. :
Bridges Loads, Forces,&
Stresses
Simply supported spans on unyielding supports:
For spans up to 10 m where no bearings are provided , the
longiudilnal forces at bearing level shall be
Fh/2 or Rg
Elastomeric bearings:
The sub structure and foundation shall also be designed for 10%
variation in movement of the span on either side.
Bridges Loads, Forces,&
Stresses
Centrifugal Forces:
For full Buoyancy a reduction is made in the gross weight of the member:
Member displaces water only in shallow foundations, the reduction in weight
equal to the volume of displaced water.
Member under consideration displaces water and also silt and sand (deep
piers and abutment), the upward pressure causing the reduction in weight
shall be
a. Full hydrostatic pressure due to a depth of water equal to the difference
in level between the free surface and the foundation
b. Upward pressure due to the submerged weight of the silt or sand in
accordance with Rankin's theory.
Temperature:
Seismic Forces:
Both the horizontal and vertical forces acting simultaneously.
Horizontal seismic force:
Feq = G
Where = Horizontal seismic coefficient.
= Coefficient depending on the soil foundation
= coefficient - important bridges 1.5 and other bridges..1.0
Horizontal Seismic coefficient ;
Bridges Structural Design
Zone I II III IV V
Sub structure:
Piers:
Minimum thickness 1000mm
All abutments and return walls shall be designed adopting
coulombs/Rankins theory, with top width 500mm.
All abutments and return walls shall be designed for a live load
surcharge equivalent to 1.2m earth fill.
Approach slab:
RCC approach slab with 12mm dia. 150mm c/c in each direction
both at top and bottom as reinforcement in concrete grade in
M30 for the entire width of road way for a length not less than
3.5m.
Bridges Structural Design
Miscellaneous Items:
RCC Kerbs
Railing:
Expansion, contraction, construction Joints
Drainage spouts
Wearing coat
Pedestals & Drainage arrangements
Bearings
Dirt Walls
Guide posts
Weep holes
Minimum Concrete grade:
RCC : M20
RCC for Deck slab and Girders: M25
CC: M15
Leveling course: M10
Bridges Foundations
Factor of safety:
Factor of safety on Soils 2.5.
Factor of safety on Rock . 6 to8
Concrete Grade:
Plain cc wells M15 and in sever exposed conditions no < M20, cement not<310 Kg/cum and w/c not >0.45
Plain cc wells, vertical reinforcement not <0.12% of gross sectional area and tied up with hoop steel not < 0.04%
In case of RCC, Vertical steel not < 0.2%. On the inner face not < 0.06% and transverse reinforcement < 0.04% of the volume per unit
length of the seining.
Tilt and Shifts:
Well shall sunk plumb without any tilt or shift.
A tilt of 1 in 80 and a shift of 150mm due to translation (both additive) shall be considered in design.
Bridges Foundations
Well Foundations:
Filling of well:
Refill with excavated earth or sand
Plug over fill:
300mm thick in CC M15.
Well Cap: