Humongous Insurance

Metabolism
 Why Study
Metabolism?
Classification of bacteria
Oxygen Tolerance
Biochemical reactions
Acids, Ammonia, Gases
Fermentation Products
Food Products
Yogurt, Sour Cream, Bread, Alcohol
Commercial Products
Citric Acid, Plastics
Environmental Cleanup
 Ying & Yang of
Metabolism
Metabolism = Anabolism +
Catabolism

Photosynthesis requires Respiration

Respiration requires Photosynthesis

Energy Production = Energy

Consumption
Breakdown
Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose

Synthesis
Amino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch
 Overview of
Metabolism
Source of Energy (Photo- vs.
Chemotroph)
Source of Electrons
Carrier of Electrons
Final Electron Acceptor
Source of Carbon (Auto- vs.
Heterotroph)
Auto- : Carbon Dioxide
Hetero- : Organic Compounds
Classification based on
Metabolism
Where microbes get their energy?
Sunlight vs. Chemical
Photo- vs. Chemo- trophs
How do they obtain carbon?
Carbon Dioxide (or inorganic cmpds.) vs.
Organic Compounds (sugars, amino acids)
Auto- vs. Hetero- trophs
Examples
Photoautotrophs vs. Photoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotrophs
 Types of -trophs
Type Energy C source Example

Photoauto- Sun CO2 Purple &

Green sulfur
bacteria

Photohetero- Sun Organic Purple &

Compounds Green Non-
sulfur bacteria

Chemoauto- Chemical CO2 H, S, Fe, N

bonds bacteria
Chemohetero- Chemical Organic Most bacteria,
bonds Compounds fungi,
protozoa,
animals
 Source of Electrons
Autotrophs
Photosynthesis
H2O, H2S
Chemotrophs
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates (C H2O)
Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose, Mannitol, Citrate
Amino Acids
 Electron Carriers
Photosynthesis
NADP + H to NADPH
Respiration
NAD + H to NADH
FAD + H to FADH
Contain Niacin and Riboflavin
Vitamins, not stable
Cant store these molecules
Final Electron Acceptor
Photosynthesis
CO2 + Hs to CH2O
Stores energy
Respiration
Aerobic
1/2 O2 + H 2 to H2O
Anaerobic
Fermentation
Movement of Electrons
Chemical reactions

Oxidation Reactions

Reduction Reactions

Reactions Coupled
Redox reactions
Example of Redox Equations
Example of Redox Equations
Example of Redox Equations
 Examples
ATP ADP + P
Oxidation, release energy
ADP + P ATP
Reduction, stores energy
NAD + H NADH
FADH FAD + H
NH4 + 11/2O2 NO2- +H2O + 2H + ATP
2H2 + O2 2H2 O
 Examples
Cellular Respiration
C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38 ATP
Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12 O6 + 6O2
Nitrification
NH4 NO2 to NO3
Ammonia to Nitrite to Nitrate
Ammonification
N2 NH4
 Respiration

Overview;
Glucose to Carbon dioxide + Water +Energy
C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Glucose is highly reduced; contains energy
Oxygen receives the electrons to form energy
4 separate reactions
Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Krebs Cycle,
Electron Transport, Chemiosomosis
Requires Oxygen
 Steps in Respiration
Electron Donors
Organic Compounds (Glucose preferred)
Electron Carriers
NAD to NADH
FAD to FADH
Electron Acceptors-Terminal
O2 to H2O
Phosphorylation Reactions
ADP to ATP
Chemiosmosis Reactions
 Glycolysis- 10 steps
Glucose is Phosphorylated to form
Fructose 1,6-diphosphate
Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate
Final Products are:
2 Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3)
Compare to original glucose - C6H12O6
2 NADH
2 ATP
 Transition Reaction
Pyruvic Acid Acetyl - Co A + CO2 +
NADH
C2H4O2
 Krebs Cycle
Figure E.3, A29
Acetyl CoA Carbon Dioxide
C2H4O2 to CO2
Energy produced/Acetyl CoA (x2 for /Glucose)
3 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP
Metabolic Wheel
Fats, amino acids, etc. enter or leave
Citrate is product of first reaction
Simmons Citrate Media
 Electron Transport
Chain
NADH oxidized to NAD
FAD reduced to FADH
Cytochromes shuffle electrons finally
to O2
Cytochrome Oxidase important in G - ID
H2O formed and ATP
3 ATP / 1 NADH
2 ATP / 1 FADH
 Fermentation Products
from Pyruvate
Homolactic = Lactic Acid
Yogurt, Lactobacillus
Alcohol + CO2
Propionic Acid
Butyric Acid
Acetic Acid
Succinic Acid
Butylene to Acetoin
basis for VP Test (Vogues-Proskauer)
 Fermentation Products
Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide
Yeast mostly
Lactic Acid
Humans, muscles without oxygen
Bacteria (Lactobacillus-yogurt)
Butyric Acid
Rancid butter, Clostridium-gangrene
Acetoin
Butanediol fermentation in Klebsiella
Propionic Acid
Swiss Cheese
Fermentation in Yeast
Fermentation in Muscle
 Photosynthesis
Plants
CO2 + H2O + Light C6H12O6 + O2
Water is split to release electrons
Bacteria
H2S is used not water
Sulfur or Sulfuric Acid formed
Oxygen not released
Chlorophyll is different
Strict Anaerobe
Purple & Green Sulfur Bacteria
 Chemiosmosis
Production of ATP in Electron
Transport
Electrochemical Gradient Formed
between membranes
H+ (Protons) generated from NADH
Electrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid)
Gradient formed
ATPase enzyme that channels H+
from High to Low concentration
3 ATP/NADH
2 ATP/NADH
 Summary of
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Transition Rx.
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Anaerobic Respiration
Pyruvate
Lactic Acid
Mixed Acids
Alcohol + CO2
Recycle NADH
2 ATP / Glucose