building materials and

construction technology
 WHAT IS FOUNDATION..???
A Foundation is the element of an architectural structure
which connects it to the ground, transfers loads from
the structures to the ground.

foundation engineering is the application of

soil mechanics and rock mechanic in the design of
foundation elements of structures.
 WHY FONDATION IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT PART IN CONSTRUCTION ?

Foundation helps to distribute the load of

super structure to a large of the soil
Therefore intensity of the load at its base does
not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil
Foundation imparts lateral stability to the super
structure by anchoring it to the ground
 Functions of foundation
Distribution of load
Stability against sliding and
overturning
Minimize differential settlement
Safe against undermining
Provide level surface
Minimize distress against soil
movement
 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

foundation may be broadly classified under two categories..

Shallow Deep
foundation foundation
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION (D<B):
a shallow foundation is a type of foundation
which transfers
building loads to the earth very near the surface,
rather than
to subsurface layer or a range of depths .
shallow foundations are placed immediately
under the lowest
Part of the superstructure, it distributes the load
over large
area at shallow depth below the ground level.
Following are the various types of shallow
foundations:
*Spread or Isolated or column footing
 SPREAD FOOTING(ISOLATED
FOOTING):
It is a very common type foundation and is used for
ordinary buildings on alluvial or ordinary soils.
Spread is given to the foundation so that load of
structure is distributed on sufficient area of the soil
in such a way that the safe bearing capacity of the
soil is not exceeded.
Different types of spread footing:
 COMBINED FOOTING:
A common footing provided for two or more
columns is known as a combined footing . This
footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in
plan. Generally they are constructed of
reinforced concrete.
*The aim of providing combined footing is to get
uniform pressure distribution under the footing.
COMBINED FOOTING
 STRAP FOOTING:

Strap footing consists of two or more individual

footings connected by a beam called strap. It is
provided only when foundation soil is soft and
load is to transmitted is heavy.
 WALL FOOTING:
This type of footing are mostly preferred when the
load to be supported are small. In order to spread
the load carried by the wall footing is provided. The
foundation is continuous in the direction of the wall.
 RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION:
When a common foundation is provided for columns in
two or more rows , the footing is called as raft or mat
foundation. This foundation is found most suitable
when heavy structures are to be constructed on soft
made-up ground or marshy sites having low bearing
capacity and also heavy concentrated structural
loads are generally supported by providing raft
foundation.
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS(D>B):

1. Deep Foundations are those

in which the depth of the foundation is
very large in comparison to its width.
Which are not constructed by ordinary
methods of open pit excavations.
 When Used?
In cases where
The strata of good bearing capacity is not available
near the ground
The space is restricted to allow for spread footings

In these cases the foundation of the structure has to

be taken deep with the purpose of attaining a
bearing stratum which is suitable and which ensures
stability and durability of a structure.
The bearing stratum is not the only case. There
may be many other cases. For example, the
foundation for a bridge pier must be placed below
the scour depth, although suitable bearing stratum
may exist at a higher level.
 Forms of Construction or Types
Most common forms of construction pertaining to
deep foundations are:
Pile Foundation (more commonly used in building
construction)

Pier Foundation

Caisson or Well Foundation

 Pile Foundations
The term Pile Foundation denotes a construction
for the foundation of a wall or pier which is
supported on piles.
Where Used :
stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater
depth
steep slopes are encountered
Compressible soil or water-logged soil or soil of made-
up type

Examples: Piles are used for foundation for buildings,

trestle-bridges and water front installations (piers, docks
etc ).
Advantages:
 Pile Foundations(contd.)
Situations Which Demand Pile Foundation :
Sub-soil water table is so high that it can easily affect the other
foundations.
Load coming form the structure is heavy and non uniform.
Where grillage or raft foundations are either very costly or their
adoption impossible due to local difficulties.
When it is not possible to maintain foundation trenches in dry
condition by pumping, due to very heavy inflow of seepage or
capillary water.
When it is not possible to timber the excavation trenches in the case
of deep strip foundation. (strip foundation- spread footing under
wall ).
When overlay soil is compressible, and water-logged and firm hard
bearing strata is located at quite a large depth.
When structures are located on river-bed or sea-shore and
foundations are likely to be scoured due to action of water.
Large fluctuations in sub-soil water level.
Canal or deep drainage lines exist near the foundations.
 Types of Piles Based on
Installation
a) Classification based on installation

1. Driven Pre-cast

2. Driven Cast-in-situ

3. Bored Cast-in-situ
 Types of Piles Based on
Materials
a) Classification based on Materials

1. Timber Piles

2. Concrete Piles

3. Steel Piles

4. Composite Piles
 Types of Piles Based on
Function
a) Classification based on Function or Use
1. Bearing Piles or End Bearing Piles
2. Friction Piles or Skin Friction Piles
3. Combined Bearing And Friction Piles
4. Compaction Piles
5. Sheet Piles
6. Tension Piles or Uplift Piles
7. Anchor Piles
8. Batter Piles
9. Fender Piles
 Types of Piles Based on
Function (contd)
Bearing Piles
Driven into the ground until a hard stratum is
reached.
Acts as pillars supporting the super-structure and
transmitting the load to the ground.
Piles, by themselves do not support the load, rather
acts as a medium to transmit the load from the
foundation to the resisting sub-stratum.
 Ty p e s o f Pi l e s B a s e d o n Fu n c t i o n ( c o n t d )

Friction Piles (Floating Piles)

Piles are driven at a site where soil is weak or soft to a
considerable depth and it is not economical or rather
possible to rest the bottom end of the pile on the hard
stratum,
Load is carried by the friction developed between the sides of
the pile and the surrounding ground ( skin friction).
The piles are driven up to such a depth that skin friction
developed at the sides of the piles equals the load coming on
the piles.
Skin friction should be carefully evaluated and suitable factor
of safety applied, as it is this which is supporting the whole of
structure over its head.
The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be increased by-
increasing diameter of the pile
driving the pile for larger depth
grouping of piles
Types of Piles Based on
Function (contd)
Types of Piles Based on
Function (contd)
 Ty p e s o f Pi l e s B a s e d o n Fu n c t i o n ( c o n t d )

Combined End bearing and Friction pile

 Ty p e s o f Pi l e s B a s e d o n Fu n c t i o n ( c o n t d )
Compaction piles:
When piles are driven in granular soil with the aim of
increasing the bearing capacity of the soil, the piles are
termed as compaction piles.
 Types of Piles Based on
Function (contd)
Sheet Piles
Sheet piles are never used to provide vertical
support but mostly used to act as retaining walls.
They are used for the following purposes:
To construct retaining walls in docks, and other
marine works.
To protect erosion of river banks.
To retain the sides of foundation trenches.
To confine the soil to increase its bearing capacity.
To protect the foundation of structures from erosion
by river or sea.
To isolate foundations from adjacent soils.
Types of Piles Based on
Function (contd)

Figure: Sheet Piles

 Types of Piles Based on
Function (contd)

Figure: Sheet Piles

 Ty p e s o f Pi l e s B a s e d o n Fu n c t i o n ( c o n t d )
Anchor Piles
Piles are used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from
sheet piling wall or other pulling forces.
Batter piles:
Piles are driven at an inclination to resist large horizontal and
inclined forces.
Fender piles:
Piles are used to protect concrete deck or other water front
structures from the abrasion or impact caused from the ships or
barges.
Ordinarily made up of timber.
Types of Piles Based on
Function (contd)
 PIER FOUNDATIONS:
A pier foundation consists of cylindrical column
of large diameter to support and transfer
super-imposed loads the firm data below.
It s shallower in depth than the pile foundation
and transfers the load only through the
bearing. It is preferred where the top stratum
consists of decomposed rocks overlaying
strata of sound rock because it is difficult to
drive the bearing piles
 WELL FOUNDATIONS OR
CAISSONS:
Well foundation are box
like structure, circular or
rectangular, which are sunk
from the surface . They are
much large in diameter
compared to other deep
foundations. It is used for
major works like bridge
piers and abutments in
rivers, lakes. Used in large
water front structures such
as pump houses. They are
hallow from inside and filled
with sand and plugged at
the bottom. The load is
transferred through
perimeter wall called
Different types of well
foundation
well foundation
 FAILURES OF FOUNDATIONS!!!

non uniform settlement of subs

Horizontal movement of the so
adjacent to structure
Action of weathering agencies
like sun, wind & rain

ernating swelling & shrinkage in wet &

cycles of the season.
teral pressure due to lateral movement of
th tending to overturn the structure
ots of tree & shrubs which penetrates the
ndation
Thank you..!!!!!