Sequence Concepts

Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Stratigraphic Concepts
Analysis
Stratigraphic Best Practices 1.2
Stratigraphic
Concepts
Slide 1
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Overview
Lithostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphy

Sequence Stratigraphic Paradigms
Seismic Stratigraphy
Sequence Stratigraphy:
Non-marine to Deepwater
Slide 2
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Summary
Sequence stratigraphy: an integrated framework
- for petroleum systems analysis and
- predictive models for propect generation
Sequences are controlled by a complex interaction

of tectonism, eustasy, sediment supply and climate
Several approaches exist, differing mainly in terms of

principal bounding surfaces; one or another may be
best for a particular basin or setting
From a Best Practices standpoint, we recommend

using the most reasonable and practical approach
Slide 3
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Stratigraphic Analysis
Slide 4
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Lithostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphy

Hypothetical Cross Section
Alluvial Plain Foreshore/Upper Shoreface

Coastal Plain Shoreface/Shelf
Slide 5
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Lithostratigraphy
A Sand Nonmarine Member X

B Sand Shale Z
Units are defined by lithology

Rock Units vary in space and time
Boundaries are subjective
Slide 6
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Chronostratigraphy
Unconformity and correlative conformity

Downlap surface and correlative conformity
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3
Units based on physically observable stratal surfaces

Units vary in space only
Represent natural stratigraphic divisions (genetically related)
Slide 7
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Biostratigraphy
B io s t r a t ig r a p h y v s L it h o s t r a t ig r a p h y a n d C h r o n o s t r a t ig r a p h y
H y p o t h e t ic a l M ic r o f o s s i l S ig n a t u r e o f C y c l ic D e p o s i t io n
TO TA L PA LE O B AT H Y M ET RY
# NEW
ABUNDANCE T E R T IA R Y R E W O R K E D ABUNDANCE
FORAM / GAM MA
S P E C IE S D IS T R IB U T IO N C H A R T T O TA L
AGE M E S O Z O IC
NANNO
U V IG E R IN A
RAY
NANNOS NANNOS P E R E G R IN A
D IV E R S I T Y TO PS
SEQ UEN CE
SC A L E
ACM E
ZO NE
SM W
M A X IM U M F L O O D IN G S U R F A C E MFS
* L A D S . A B IE S H ST
C O N D E N S E D S E C T IO N
PEAK
M FS
TST
* FA D D . T A M A L IS L SW
TRO UGH
T R U NC AT E PEAK SEQ UEN CE
B A SIN W A R D S H IF T = S E Q U E N C E B O U N D A R Y
BOUNDRARY
BFF
F L O O D IN G S U R F A C E
H ST
FL O O D IN G SU R FA C E
PA R A S E Q U E N C E
SCA LE
F L O O D IN G
SU R FA C E
F L O O D IN G S U R F A C E D IS T A N C E
NOTE
D IA C H R O N O U S
A F T E R H A Q , 1991
M O D I F I E D B Y R F W 7 /0 2
Slide 8
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Stratigraphic Components I
Slide 9
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Stratigraphic Components II
Slide 10
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Walthers Law
Time T2000 Time T0
Slide 11
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Parasequences
Flooding Surface /
Parasequence Boundary
Devine Parasequence Model
Flooding Surface /
Parasequence Boundary
Slide 12
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Multiple Working Hypotheses
Slide 13
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Correlation Styles
Lithostratigraphic Correlation
Chronostratigraphic Correlation
Slide 14
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Alternative Packages
Slide 15
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Unconformities
Bounding Surfaces
Unconformities
Slide 16
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Transgressive Diastem
Slide 17
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Controls on Stratigraphic Architecture
X
X
Slide 18
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Accommodation
Slide 19
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Relative Sea Level Change
Slide 20
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Shoreline Movements
Slide 21
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Interaction between
accommodation and
sediment supply
Slide 22
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Shoreline Evolution during an

Accommodation Cycle
Slide 23
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Type-1 Exxonian Sequence
Highstand
Transgressive
Eustasy Lowstand Wedge
R
Lowstand Fan
F
Systems Tracts
Slide 24
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Type-2 Exxon Sequence
Slide 25
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Potentially Significant Surfaces
Slide 26
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Seismic Examples of Significant Surfaces

and Recognition Criteria
Seismic Examples
Slide 27
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Depositional Sequence in Space and Time
Slide 28
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Coastal Onlap Curve
Slide 29
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Coastal Onlap Eustatic Curve the Cycle Chart
Slide 30
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence
TIME SECTION
DEPTH SECTION
Slide 31 (from Galloway, 1989; after Frazier, 1974)

Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Sequence Comparison
Slide 32
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Three Model Comparison
Slide 33
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Forced Regression Exxon Type-1 Revision 1
Slide 34
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Exxon Type-1 Revision2
Slide 35
Stratigraphic
High Frequency Sequences
Prediction &
Analysis
Slide 37
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Seismic Stratigraphy
WS5.0
Incision WS5.5
Multi-story
Onlapping Fill
303 m
W
Slide 38
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Criteria for Sequence Boundary Recognition:

Cores and Well logs
Basinward Shift in Facies

Non-conformable facies succession
Abrupt grain size change
Abrupt change in mineralogy and/or provenance
Paleosols/exposure surfaces
Changes in bioturbation style
Change in Parasequence Stacking Patterns

Biostratigraphic Data - missing time
Slide 39
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Well Logs:
Basic Stacking Patterns
Stacking patterns refer to the vertical and lateral arrangement of beds, bedsets, parasequences, parasequence sets,
sequences, and sequence sets. These figures illustrate the basic parasequence stacking types and their use in sequence
stratigraphic analysis on simulated gamma-ray logs.
PROGRADATIONAL AGGRADATIONAL RETROGRADATIONAL
(Regressive, Seaward - (Backstepping, Transgressive,

Stepping) Landward-Stepping)
Thicker, less shaly upward Similar thickness, shaliness Upward thinning, shalier
Sediment source moving closer (regression) Sediment source maintained nearby Sediment source moving away (transgression)
Typical of HIGHSTAND systems tract Typical of LOWSTAND systems tract Typical of TRANSGRESSIVE systems tract
Slide 40
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Well Logs:

Interpretations of Stacking Patterns
Idealized parasequence stacking patterns of a complete marginal marine depositional sequence
Highstand:
Progradational
Maximum Flooding
Surface Transgressive:
Retrogradational
"Transgressive" Surface
Lowstand:
Aggradational
Sequence Boundary
Highstand:
Progradational
Changes in these patterns can be used for sequence stratigraphic interpretation and correlation
TST TST Flooding Surface/

Sequence Boundary
Incised LST/TST
Sequence Valley HST Maximum Flooding
Boundary Surface
TST
TST
LST
LST
Highstand is missing, Lowstand is missing,
probably eroded away
Slide 41
probably an interfluve
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Stacking Pattern Analysis: Some Potential Pitfalls

Lateral shifts in sediment sources, i.e., delta switching and/or river avulsion
Strike view: Laterally shifting depocenters
Apparent backstepping
Apparent backstepping
Apparent progradation
1. Progradation
Dip view: 2. Continued progradation, lateral
shift in depocenter
3. Continued progradation, depocenter
moves closer
4 4. Relative sea level rise, depocenter
moves landward
1 2 3
Apparent Apparent
Apparent backstepping,
aggradation Backstepping
progradation
Slide 42
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
An example from Southeast Asia

GR
20 120
- 2150m
Maximum
Flooding Surface?
Highstand Progradational to Retrogradational -

Systems Tract?
shoreface/deltaic deposits
Maximum - 2175m
Flooding Surface Cored
interval*
Aggradational succession
Lowstand- possible composite incised valley fill
Transgressive - 2200m
Systems Tract?
Sequence
Boundary?
Maximum - 2225m
Flooding Surface
Lowstand-
Aggradational to retrogradational succession
Transgressive
Systems Tract?
valley fill? Channel fill overlain by delta lobes?
Sequence
Boundary?
- 2250m
Slide 43
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Another Example from Southeast Asia

GR GR
20 120 20 120
- 2200m Maximum Flooding Surface
Maximum - 2225m - 2325m

Flooding Cored interval
Maximum Flooding Surface?
Surface?
Highstand Highstand
Systems Tract Systems Tract
- 2250m - 2350m
Maximum Flooding Surface
Maximum Flooding Surface Transgressive
Systems Tract
Maximum Flooding Surface?
- 2275m - 2375m
Transgressive
Systems Tract
Highstand
Systems Tract
- 2300m - 2400m
Slide 44
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Sea Level Fall and Coastal Gradients
Slide 45
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Non-marine Sequence Stratigraphy Model
Floodplain Aggradation
Highstand
Tidal influence increases -

Transgressive
Fluvial valley aggradation -

Lowstand to Transgressive
Base level fall, incision -

Lowstand
Slide 46
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Fluvial Response to Base-level Changes
Slide 47
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Shelf Margin Delta

Analysis
Incised Lowstand
Fluvial Shoreline
System Emergent Coastal Plain
Coeval Delta
Delta Plain Distributary Front
Channels
D Distributary
A Mouth Bar
Shelf Phase C
Delta F
Underlying Prodelta
Sequence B
E Sediment
Sequence Boundary Gravity Flows
Rotational
Growth faulting, slumps
slumping, sliding
Sediment
gravity flows
Upper slope / Delta Front
A C Distributary Channel E Gravity flow deposits
D Distributary Mouth Bar Shelf Margin Delta
Incised B
Valley Outer shelf / Upper slope
Fill Distal deltaic deposits
F
B Shelf Margin Delta Upper slope / Delta Front
Gravity flow deposits
E
Slide 48
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Gulf of Mexico Expanded Section
Slide 49
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Sequences in Deep Water
SB
CS
SB
CS
Slide 50
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Deepwater Concepts 1
Slide 52
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Slide 53
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Slide 54
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Slide 55
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Extensional Basins
Slide 56
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Extensional Basins
Slide 57
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Compressional Basins
Thrust Belt Foreland Basin
Sediment Supply
Zone A Zone B
Guyanna Craton
(after Posamentier & Allen, 1993)
Collision Front Sediment

Supply
N S
Subsidence
Slide 58
Stratigraphic
Prediction &
Analysis
Summary
Sequence stratigraphy: an integrated framework
- for petroleum systems analysis and
- predictive models for propect generation
Sequences are controlled by a complex interaction

of tectonism, eustasy, sediment supply and climate
Several approaches exist, differing mainly in terms of

principal bounding surfaces; one or another may be
best for a particular basin or setting
From a Best Practices standpoint, we recommend

using the most reasonable and practical approach
Slide 59

Sequence Concepts

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Stratigraphic

Stratigraphic Best Practices 1.2

Lithostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphy

Sequences are controlled by a complex interaction

Several approaches exist, differing mainly in terms of

From a Best Practices standpoint, we recommend

Lithostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphy

Alluvial Plain Foreshore/Upper Shoreface

A Sand Nonmarine Member X

Units are defined by lithology

Unconformity and correlative conformity

Units based on physically observable stratal surfaces

T R U NC AT E PEAK SEQ UEN CE

Time T2000 Time T0

Devine Parasequence Model

Multiple Working Hypotheses

Controls on Stratigraphic Architecture

Relative Sea Level Change

Shoreline Evolution during an

Type-1 Exxonian Sequence

Type-2 Exxon Sequence

Potentially Significant Surfaces

Seismic Examples of Significant Surfaces

Depositional Sequence in Space and Time

Coastal Onlap Curve

Coastal Onlap Eustatic Curve the Cycle Chart

Genetic Stratigraphic Sequence

Slide 31 (from Galloway, 1989; after Frazier, 1974)

Three Model Comparison

Forced Regression Exxon Type-1 Revision 1

Exxon Type-1 Revision2

Criteria for Sequence Boundary Recognition:

Basinward Shift in Facies

Change in Parasequence Stacking Patterns

PROGRADATIONAL AGGRADATIONAL RETROGRADATIONAL

(Regressive, Seaward - (Backstepping, Transgressive,

Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Well Logs:

TST TST Flooding Surface/

Stacking Pattern Analysis: Some Potential Pitfalls

Strike view: Laterally shifting depocenters

An example from Southeast Asia

Highstand Progradational to Retrogradational -

Another Example from Southeast Asia

- 2200m Maximum Flooding Surface

Maximum - 2225m - 2325m

Sea Level Fall and Coastal Gradients

Non-marine Sequence Stratigraphy Model

Tidal influence increases -

Fluvial valley aggradation -

Base level fall, incision -

Fluvial Response to Base-level Changes

Shelf Margin Delta

Gulf of Mexico Expanded Section

Sequences in Deep Water

(after Posamentier & Allen, 1993)

Collision Front Sediment

Sequences are controlled by a complex interaction

Several approaches exist, differing mainly in terms of

From a Best Practices standpoint, we recommend

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