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CHAPTER 1

ALGEBRA AS THE
STUDY OF
STRUCTURES

MATH 17
College Algebra and
Trigonometry
Chapter Outline

1. Sets, Set Operations and Number


Sets
2. The Real Number System
3. The Complex Number System
4. The Ring of Polynomials
5. The Field of Algebraic Expressions
6. Equations
7. Inequalities
Chapter 1.1
Sets, Set Operations,
and Number Sets
Objectives
At the end of the section, we should be able
to:

1. Identify special number sets


2. Perform set operations on number sets
3. Draw Venn diagrams
4. Identify finite and infinite sets of
numbers and how to represent them
Set and Set Notations
A set is a well-defined collection of
objects.

It should be possible to determine (in


some manner) whether an object
belongs to the given collection or not.
Example 1.1.1
Which of the following collection of objects
are sets?

The collection of all:


1. colleges in UPLB.
SET
2. counting numbers from 1 to 100
SET
3. provinces near Laguna.
NOT A SET
4. planets in the solar system.
SET
5. pretty instructors in UPLB.
NOT A SET
6. letters in the word algebra.
SET
7. points in a line.
SET
8. MATH 17-A students who can fly.
SET
Element
If an object belongs to the set, it is called
an element of the set.
a A: a is an element of set A.

Otherwise, the object is not an element of


the set.
a A: a is not an element of set A.
Example 1.1.2
If A is the set of letters in the word "mathematics"

tA
z A

If E is the set of even numbers then

1 E
10 E
Equal Sets

Two sets A and B are equal if they have


exactly the same elements.

Symbolically, we write A B.

Otherwise, we write A B.
Example 1.1.3
If A is the set of letters in the word
"mathematics"
B is the set of letters in the word
"mathetics"
A B

If C is the set of letters in the word


"math"
A C since s A but s C
Example 1.1.4

If the elements of A are 1,2,3,4, and 5


and the elements of B are 1,1,2,2,2,3,4, and 5
Is A B? YES

If the elements of C are 5,4,3,2, and 1


Is A C? YES
Finite/Infinite Sets

A set is finite if it is possible to write down


completely in a list all the elements of the set.

Otherwise, the set is said to be infinite.


Example 1.1.5
Determine if the following sets are finite or
infinite.

1. Set of counting numbers from 1 to 5


FINITE

2. Set of all professors in UPLB.


FINITE

3. Set of points in a circle.


INFINITE
4. Set of counting numbers between 1
and
1,000,000,000
FINITE

5. Set of grains of sand in a beach


FINITE

6. Set of counting numbers greater than


1
INFINITE
Describing Sets

Roster Method

indicate a set by enumerating the


elements of the set and enclosing them
in a pair of braces.
Describing Sets
Rule Method

indicate a set by enclosing in a pair of


braces a phrase describing the elements of
the set with the condition that those objects,
and only those, which have the described
property belong to the set
Example 1.1.6

If F is the set of distinct letters of the


word "FILIPINO," write F using
a. roster method
M F ,I ,L,P ,N,O

b. the rule method


F distinct letters of the word Filipino
Example 1.1.7

If C 5,4,3,2,1 , write C using


the rule method.

C x such that x is a counting number from 1 to 5


x x is a counting number from 1 to 5
z z is a counting number less than 6
Example 1.1.8

If D bread,butter,coffee,rice , write D using


the rule method.

DIFFICULT/ IMPRACTICAL
Example 1.1.9

If D x x is a point in a plane ,

It is IMPOSSIBLE to use roster method.


One-to-one
Correspondence
Two sets A and B are in one-to-one
correspondence if it is possible to pair
each element of A with exactly one
element of B and each element of B with
exactly one element of A.
Example 1.1.10

Is there a one-to-one correspondence


between the set of days in a week and
the set of counting numbers from 2 to 8? YES

M T W Th F Sa Su

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Example 1.1.11

Is there a one-to-one correspondence


between

the set of days in a week and

the set of months in a year.

NO
Example 1.1.12

Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
B = { 3, 6, 9, 12 }
C = { -4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4 }

Is there a one-to-one correspondence


between set A and set B? YES

Is there a one-to-one correspondence


between set A and set C? NO
Example 1.1.13

Is there a one-to-one correspondence between


the set of even counting numbers and the set of
odd counting numbers.
E O
2 1 1,000,000 999,999
4 3
6 5
M
Equivalent Sets

Two sets are equivalent or of the same size


if they are in one-to-one correspondence.
Example 1.1.14

True or False

1. Equal sets are equivalent.

2. Equivalent sets are equal.

3. If set A is equivalent to set B and set


B is equivalent to set C, then A is
equivalent to C.
Subsets
Set A is said to be a subset of set B if every
element of A is also an element of B.

A B: A is a subset of B.
B is a superset of A.

A B if and only if x A implies x B.


Subsets
If there is an element in A which is
not in B, we say A is not a subset of B and
we write AB.
Example 1.1.15

If L a,b,c,d and M a,b,c,d,e ,

a. Is L M ? YES

b. Is M L? NO ML
Subsets
1. Is A A?
2. If A B and B C, is A C?

3. If A B and B A, what can be said


about A and B?
4. Give examples of sets A and B such that
A B but BA.
Subsets
Reflexive Property:
A A

Transitive Property:
If A B and B C, then A C.
Equal Sets
(Alternative Definition)

A B if and only if A B and B A.


Proper Subsets

A B if and only if A B but BA.


Example 1.1.16

If L a,b,c,d and M a,b,c,d,e ,


is L M ?

L M
ML since e M but e L.
Therefore, L M.
Empty Sets

- sets having no elements

- denoted by
Example 1.1.17

Let T x x is a town in Laguna and


F x x is a town in Laguna with only 4 voters .

F is an empty set so F .
Also, F T .

Hence, T .
Empty Sets

1. A

2.
Venn Diagram

B A
A
B

A B B A
Example 1.1.18
Draw a Venn diagram satisfying
A B and B A

A B

or

A
B
Example 1.1.18
Draw a Venn diagram satisfying
A B, A C, and B C

A C
Disjoint Sets
Two sets are disjoint if they have no
element in common.

A and B are disjoint: If x A, then x B


If x B, then x A
Disjoint Sets

A A
B B

A and B are disjoint A and B are not disjoint


Universal Set
- denoted by U

- set of all elements under consideration.

- superset of all sets under consideration.


Example 1.1.19

If A x x is an even counting number


B y y is an odd counting number
C z z is a prime number
D w w is a composite number

A possible universal set is


U x x is a counting number
Complement
The complement of A, denoted by A',
is the set of all elements of U
that are not in A.
U
A
Complement
A' x xU,x A

Example 1.1.20

If U 2,4,6,8,10 and A 2,6 ,

then A' 4,8,10 .


Complement

U'

' U
Complement

A' ' A

U U
A A

A' A' '


Cardinality
The cardinality (or size) of a finite set
A is the unique counting number n such
that the elements of A are in one-to-one
correspondence with the set 1,2,...,n .

The cardinality of the empty set is 0.


Cardinality
n A : number of elements of set A

Example 1.1.21

If A is the set of all vowels in the alphabet,


then n A 5.

If n U k and n A =m what is n A' ?


n A' k m.
Power Set
The power set of any set A, A , is the set
of all subsets of set A.
Example 1.1.22
Let A= a,b,c .
A
a , b , c , a,b , a,c , b,c , a,b,c ,
Example 1.1.22

What is n A ? 8

Remark: In general, the cardinality of the


power set of any set A, n A 2
n A
.
Union
The union of two sets A and B is the set of
elements that belong to A or B.

A B : A union B
Union

A B x x A or x B

U
A B
Example 1.1.23

If A 1,3,5 and B 2,4,6

then A B 1,2,3,4,5,6 .
Intersection
The intersection of two sets A and B is the
set of elements that belong to A and B.

A B : A intersection B
Intersection

A B x x A and x B

U
A B
Example 1.1.24

If A a,e,i ,o,u and B a,b,c,d,e

A B a,e
Example 1.1.24

If P is the set of all prime numbers and


C is the set of all composite numbers,

What is P C? P C
Alternative Definition

Two sets A and B are disjoint if and only


if A B .
n(A U B)

If A and B are disjoint, n A B n A n B

In general, n A B n A n B n A B
Example 1.1.25
If A 2,4,6,8,10,12 and B 3,6,9,12
then A B 6,12 .

n A 6 n B 4 n A B 2

n A B 6 4 2 8

A B 2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12
Example 1.1.26

Illustrate the following sets using Venn


diagrams.
1. A B '
U
A B

A B A B '
Example 1.1.26
2. A' B'
U U
A B A B

A' B'

A' B'
Example 1.1.26

A B ' A' B'

A B ' A' B'


Example 1.1.26
3. A B C
A
U
A B

BC
A B C
Example 1.1.26
4. A B A C

U U
A B A B

C C

A B A C
Example 1.1.26

A B A C A B C

A B C A B A C
Example 1.1.27

If U is the universal set and A B,


find the following by visualizing the
Venn diagrams.

a. A B B d. A A'
b. A B A e. A A
c. A A' U f. A
Cross Product
The cross product (or Cartesian product)
of two sets A and B is the set of all possible
ordered pairs x, y where x A and x B.

A B x, y x A and y B
Example 1.1.28

Let A 1,2 and B p,q .


What is A B?
A B 1,p , 1,q , 2,p , 2,q
B A p,1 , p,2 , q,1 , q,2

A B B A
Number Sets
N set of natural (counting) numbers
= 1,2,3,...

W set of whole numbers


= 0,1,2,3,...

Z set of integers
= ...,2,1,0,1,2,...
Number Sets
N set of negative counting numbers
E set of even integers

O set of odd integers

E set of positive even integers



E set of negative even integers
Number Sets
P set of prime numbers

C set of composite numbers

kZ set of multiples of k,
k is positive
Number Sets
2Z ...,6,4,2,0,2,4,6,...

3Z ...,9,6,3,0,3,6,9,...

4Z ...,12,8,4,0,4,8,12,...
Example 1.1.29

If U Z, find the following

1. N W 6.5Z 4Z
2. N W 7. W N '
3. E O 8. N P '

4. E ' 9. C P E

5.3Z 2Z 10. Z'


End of Chapter 1.1

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