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ALGEBRA AS THE
STUDY OF
STRUCTURES
MATH 17
College Algebra and
Trigonometry
Chapter Outline
tA
z A
1 E
10 E
Equal Sets
Symbolically, we write A B.
Otherwise, we write A B.
Example 1.1.3
If A is the set of letters in the word
"mathematics"
B is the set of letters in the word
"mathetics"
A B
Roster Method
DIFFICULT/ IMPRACTICAL
Example 1.1.9
If D x x is a point in a plane ,
M T W Th F Sa Su
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Example 1.1.11
NO
Example 1.1.12
Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
B = { 3, 6, 9, 12 }
C = { -4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4 }
True or False
A B: A is a subset of B.
B is a superset of A.
a. Is L M ? YES
b. Is M L? NO ML
Subsets
1. Is A A?
2. If A B and B C, is A C?
Transitive Property:
If A B and B C, then A C.
Equal Sets
(Alternative Definition)
L M
ML since e M but e L.
Therefore, L M.
Empty Sets
- denoted by
Example 1.1.17
F is an empty set so F .
Also, F T .
Hence, T .
Empty Sets
1. A
2.
Venn Diagram
B A
A
B
A B B A
Example 1.1.18
Draw a Venn diagram satisfying
A B and B A
A B
or
A
B
Example 1.1.18
Draw a Venn diagram satisfying
A B, A C, and B C
A C
Disjoint Sets
Two sets are disjoint if they have no
element in common.
A A
B B
Example 1.1.20
U'
' U
Complement
A' ' A
U U
A A
Example 1.1.21
What is n A ? 8
A B : A union B
Union
A B x x A or x B
U
A B
Example 1.1.23
then A B 1,2,3,4,5,6 .
Intersection
The intersection of two sets A and B is the
set of elements that belong to A and B.
A B : A intersection B
Intersection
A B x x A and x B
U
A B
Example 1.1.24
A B a,e
Example 1.1.24
What is P C? P C
Alternative Definition
In general, n A B n A n B n A B
Example 1.1.25
If A 2,4,6,8,10,12 and B 3,6,9,12
then A B 6,12 .
n A 6 n B 4 n A B 2
n A B 6 4 2 8
A B 2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12
Example 1.1.26
A B A B '
Example 1.1.26
2. A' B'
U U
A B A B
A' B'
A' B'
Example 1.1.26
BC
A B C
Example 1.1.26
4. A B A C
U U
A B A B
C C
A B A C
Example 1.1.26
A B A C A B C
A B C A B A C
Example 1.1.27
a. A B B d. A A'
b. A B A e. A A
c. A A' U f. A
Cross Product
The cross product (or Cartesian product)
of two sets A and B is the set of all possible
ordered pairs x, y where x A and x B.
A B x, y x A and y B
Example 1.1.28
A B B A
Number Sets
N set of natural (counting) numbers
= 1,2,3,...
Z set of integers
= ...,2,1,0,1,2,...
Number Sets
N set of negative counting numbers
E set of even integers
kZ set of multiples of k,
k is positive
Number Sets
2Z ...,6,4,2,0,2,4,6,...
3Z ...,9,6,3,0,3,6,9,...
4Z ...,12,8,4,0,4,8,12,...
Example 1.1.29
1. N W 6.5Z 4Z
2. N W 7. W N '
3. E O 8. N P '
4. E ' 9. C P E