Chapter One :

Introduction to Survey
Engineering
Definition & principle of surveying
Understanding maps and plan
Coordinate system
Introduction
What is surveying??
Is a science and art of measuring,
recording and drawing to scale, the
location, the size and shape of
natural and man-made features on
a surface of the earth.
Survey are usually performed for
reasons:

i. To collect data, which can then

be drawn to scale on a plan or
map.
ii. To lay out dimensions shown on
a design plan in order to
precisely define the field
location for the proposed
constructions facility.
Plane Survey vs Geodatic
SurveyCollimation
plane
Earth Curvature
surface of earth

Survey that ignore the curvature

of earth are called as plane
survey
Large areas of the earths
involved and the curvature of the
earth must be taken into account.
 Based on instrument
used
Chain
survey

triangulati Traverse
on survey

Classificati
on of
survey

Plane Tacheome
tabling try

Levelling
Based on purpose of
survey
 Based on placed of
survey

Land
survey

Classificati
Aerial Hydrograp
on of
survey hic survey
survey

Undergrou
nd survey
 A
Basic principles
B
Measure distance C
Measure distance at right angles
Measure distance and angle
Measure angles

The fundamental rule in surveying

project is WORK FROM THE
WHOLE TO THE PART.
 Head Rear tape
tape man man
Sources of errors
Personal errors

Instrumental errors

Natural errors
 Identify sources of
error

An observer take a reading without

doing adjustment to the instrument
used?
Uncalibrated equipment used to
collect data
No umbrella used to protect
equipment during fieldwork on hot
sunny days?
Systematic error
Error which occur from well
understood causes and can be
reduced by adopting suitable
method.
Random error
Error due to combination of
causes and beyond the control
of surveyor.
 Understanding map and
plan

Are representation on paper of physical

features on the ground
 Plan
Will accurately define
widths of roads, size of
building, etc. every
features are exactly true
to scale Map
Is a representation, no
matter how accurately it
may be shown
 Plan views of the
symbol actual objects being
portrayed.

Ratio between the

Commo drawing of the object
Surface n and the actual object
relief feature scale itself.
s -Expressed in word
-By a drawn scale
Undulation in the -By a representative
ground surface are fraction.
shown on a plan by
contour lines and Grid North point indicating
sport heights. line the direction of north
chosen for that
particular plan
SYMBOL
SCALE
Grid Line
Surface Relief
Unit and Measurement

QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL

Length Metre m
Area Square metre m2
Volume Cubic metre m3
Mass Kilogramme kg
Capacity Litre l
 Coordinate System
Is use to locate a features on the earths
surface or a two dimensional
representation on this surface such as a
map.
Characteristic:
Include stability, the ability to show a
points, lines and area, and the ability to
measured length, size and shape.
 Geograp
hic
coordinat
e system

Catego
ry

Rectangu
Non
lar
coordinat
coordinat
e system
e system
Geographic coordinate
system
One of the most common coordinate system, which is
uses degree of latitude and longitude to describe a
location on the earths surface.
Rectangular coordinate
system
BENCH MARK
 Food of mind
Surveying is the art of determining the relative
position of points on, above or beneath the
surface of the earth with respect to each other,
by the measuring of
(i) Distance
(ii) Direction
(iii)Elevations

(A) i, ii and iii

(B) Only i
(C) Only ii
(D) Only iii
The main principle of surveying is to work from
(A)Higher level to the lower level
(B)Lower level to the higher level
(C)Part to whole
(D)Whole to part

The error which occurs while conducting the

survey from whole to part and part to whole is
(A)Same
(B)In whole to part is localize and in part to
whole is expended
(C)In whole to part is expended and in part to
whole is localize
(D)In both, the method error is localized