ESTIMATION OF

SOLAR RADIATION
.
 MONTHLY AVERAGE OF DAILY
GLOBAL RADIATION

where ,
Hg = Monthly average of daily global radiation on a horizontal surface at a
given location, in MJ/m2/day
Hc = Monthly average of daily global radiation on a horizontal surface at
the same location on a clear sky day, in MJ/m 2/day
DL = Monthly average of measured solar day length (sunshine hours per
day) , in hours
Dmax = Monthly average of the maximum possible day length, in hours
a, b = constants for the location
Where, Isc = solar constant
s = sunset hour angle
n = day of the year
MONTHLY AVERAGE DAILY
DIFFUSE RADIATION

Where,
Hd = Monthly average daily diffuse radiation on
a horizontal surface, in kJ/m2/day
KT = Hg/Ho = Monthly average clearness index
 When the Indian data was analysed, the equation was
simplified as

The above equation is valid for

SOLAR RADIATION ON AN
INCLINED SURFACE
Total solar radiation has three components :
Beam radiation
Diffuse radiation
Reflected radiation
BEAM RADIATION ON AN
INCLINED SURFACE

Tilt factor for beam radiation,

Rb is the ratio of beam radiation on inclined surface to
beam radiation on a horizontal surface
Rb
 DIFFUSE RADIATION ON AN
INCLINED SURFACE

Tilt factor for diffuse radiation,

Rd is ratio of diffuse radiation on the tilted surface to that
falling on a horizontal surface
 REFLECTED RADIATION ON AN
INCLINED SURFACE

Tilt factor for reflected radiation,

Rr is the ratio of reflected radiation on the tilted surface
to that falling on the horizontal surface

Where = reflectivity
( 0.2 for concrete or grass, 0.7 for snow cover )
TOTAL RADIATION ON AN
INCLINED SURFCE
IT = Ib Rb + Id Rd + (Ib + Id) Rr
= (Ig Id) Rb + Id Rd + Ig Rr
Ratio of Total radiation on inclined surface to Global radiation on
the horizontal surface at any instant

Ratio of daily radiation on inclined surface (HT) to daily global

radiation on the horizontal surface (Hg)
PROBLEM:
At Nagpur ,the following observations were made:
Theoretical maximum possible sunshine hours = 9.5
h
Average measured length of a day during April = 9h
Solar radiation for a clear day, Ho =2100 KJ/m2/day
Constants : a =0.27, b=0.50
Calculate the average daily global radiation.
 SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SPV
SYSTEM
Case study
 The largest spv system at a single location
in the world is at the state of Tamil Nadu.

It is located at Kamuthi and was

commissioned in the second half of 2016

It has a capacity of 648 MW.

It covers an area of 10 sq km

which is around 2500 acres.

 More than 2.5 million solar modules.
27,000 tons of galvanized steel, 576
inverters,154 transformers and
6,000 kilometers of cables
 Constructed in just 8
months(8,500 workers with
crews installing 40,000
panels per day )

Connected with the 400-kilovolt

substation
Robotic waterless panel
cleaning by
Israel'sEcoppia
 Total cost around $679 million
Capable of producing electricity
for1,50,000 homes.
 Solar Thermal
Energy
in the Hospitality
 ARUN SYSTEM
Types of collectors : Two ARUN dishes.
Collector area per dish:169 m sq.
Capacity of the system :105kg/h/dish at 6 kg/cm
cube
Type of fuel saved by the system : Piped Natural
gas.
Year of installation:2010
Manufacturer : Clique Developments Private Limited
 THERMAX SYSTEM

Installed 8 SCHEFFLER dishes .

Types of collectors :8 SCHEFFLER dishes
Capacity of the system:9kg/h/dish at 3kg/cm sq:
Year of installation:2010
Manufacturer : Thermax limited
CAPITAL COST

Cost of the system: 165 lakh

Subsidy availed: 24 lakhs for ARUN
dishes and 30 Lakhs for SCHEFFLER
dishes.
Payback Period :12 years.
 A
H
T K
N U
YO