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IntroductiontoDatabases
Presented by
Md. Alomgir Hossain
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
IUBAT
Chapter1Objectives
Somecommonusesofdatabasesystems.
Characteristicsoffilebasedsystems.
Problemswithfilebasedapproach.
Meaningofthetermdatabase.
MeaningofthetermDatabaseManagement
System(DBMS).
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Chapter1Objectives
TypicalfunctionsofaDBMS.
MajorcomponentsoftheDBMSenvironment.
PersonnelinvolvedintheDBMSenvironment.
HistoryofthedevelopmentofDBMSs.
AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofDBMSs.
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ExamplesofDatabaseApplications
Purchasesfromthesupermarket
Purchasesusingyourcreditcard
Bookingaholidayatthetravelagents
Usingthelocallibrary
Takingoutinsurance
Rentingavideo
UsingtheInternet
Studyingatuniversity
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FileBasedSystems
Collectionofapplicationprogramsthat
performservicesfortheendusers(e.g.reports).
Eachprogramdefinesandmanagesitsown
data.
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FileBasedProcessing
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LimitationsofFileBasedApproach
Separationandisolationofdata
Eachprogrammaintainsitsownsetofdata.
Usersofoneprogrammaybeunawareof
potentiallyusefuldataheldbyotherprograms.
Duplicationofdata
Samedataisheldbydifferentprograms.
Wastedspaceandpotentiallydifferentvalues
and/ordifferentformatsforthesameitem.
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LimitationsofFileBasedApproach
Datadependence
Filestructureisdefinedintheprogramcode.
Incompatiblefileformats
Programsarewrittenindifferentlanguages,andso
cannoteasilyaccesseachothersfiles.
FixedQueries/ofapplicationprograms
Programsarewrittentosatisfyparticular
functions.
Anynewrequirementneedsanewprogram.
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DatabaseApproach
Arosebecause:
Definitionofdatawasembeddedinapplication
programs,ratherthanbeingstoredseparatelyand
independently.
Nocontroloveraccessandmanipulationofdata
beyondthatimposedbyapplicationprograms.
Result:
thedatabaseandDatabaseManagementSystem
(DBMS).
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Database
Sharedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddata(and
adescriptionofthisdata),designedtomeetthe
informationneedsofanorganization.
Systemcatalog(metadata)providesdescription
ofdatatoenableprogramdataindependence.
Logicallyrelateddatacomprisesentities,
attributes,andrelationshipsofan
organizationsinformation.
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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)
Asoftwaresystemthatenablesuserstodefine,
create,maintain,andcontrolaccesstothe
database.
(Database)applicationprogram:acomputer
programthatinteractswithdatabaseby
issuinganappropriaterequest(SQL
statement)totheDBMS.
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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)
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DatabaseApproach
Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL).
Permitsspecificationofdatatypes,structuresand
anydataconstraints.
Allspecificationsarestoredinthedatabase.
Datamanipulationlanguage(DML).
Generalenquiryfacility(querylanguage)ofthe
data.
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DatabaseApproach
Controlledaccesstodatabasemay
include:
asecuritysystem
anintegritysystem
aconcurrencycontrolsystem
arecoverycontrolsystem
auseraccessiblecatalog.
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Views
Allowseachusertohavehisorherownviewof
thedatabase.
Aviewisessentiallysomesubsetofthe
database.
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ViewsBenefits
Reducecomplexity
Providealevelofsecurity
Provideamechanismtocustomizethe
appearanceofthedatabase
Presentaconsistent,unchangingpictureofthe
structureofthedatabase,evenifthe
underlyingdatabaseischanged
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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
Hardware
CanrangefromaPCtoanetworkof
computers.
Software
DBMS,operatingsystem,networksoftware(if
necessary)andalsotheapplicationprograms.
Data
Usedbytheorganizationandadescription
ofthisdatacalledtheschema.
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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
Procedures
Instructionsandrulesthatshouldbeappliedto
thedesignanduseofthedatabaseandDBMS.
People
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RolesintheDatabaseEnvironment
DataAdministrator(DA)
DatabaseAdministrator(DBA)
DatabaseDesigners(LogicalandPhysical)
ApplicationProgrammers
EndUsers(naiveandsophisticated)
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HistoryofDatabaseSystems
Firstgeneration
HierarchicalandNetwork
Secondgeneration
Relational
Thirdgeneration
ObjectRelational
ObjectOriented
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AdvantagesofDBMSs
Controlofdataredundancy
Dataconsistency
Moreinformationfromthesameamountof
data
Sharingofdata
Improveddataintegrity
Improvedsecurity
Enforcementofstandards
Economyofscale
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AdvantagesofDBMSs
Balanceconflictingrequirements
Improveddataaccessibilityandresponsiveness
Increasedproductivity
Improvedmaintenancethroughdata
independence
Increasedconcurrency
Improvedbackupandrecoveryservices
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DisadvantagesofDBMSs
Complexity
Size
CostofDBMS
Additionalhardwarecosts
Costofconversion
Performance
Higherimpactofafailure
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