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Chapter1

IntroductiontoDatabases
Presented by
Md. Alomgir Hossain
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
IUBAT
Chapter1Objectives
Somecommonusesofdatabasesystems.
Characteristicsoffilebasedsystems.
Problemswithfilebasedapproach.
Meaningofthetermdatabase.
MeaningofthetermDatabaseManagement
System(DBMS).

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Chapter1Objectives
TypicalfunctionsofaDBMS.
MajorcomponentsoftheDBMSenvironment.
PersonnelinvolvedintheDBMSenvironment.
HistoryofthedevelopmentofDBMSs.
AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofDBMSs.

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ExamplesofDatabaseApplications
Purchasesfromthesupermarket
Purchasesusingyourcreditcard
Bookingaholidayatthetravelagents
Usingthelocallibrary
Takingoutinsurance
Rentingavideo
UsingtheInternet
Studyingatuniversity

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FileBasedSystems
Collectionofapplicationprogramsthat
performservicesfortheendusers(e.g.reports).

Eachprogramdefinesandmanagesitsown
data.

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FileBasedProcessing

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LimitationsofFileBasedApproach
Separationandisolationofdata
Eachprogrammaintainsitsownsetofdata.
Usersofoneprogrammaybeunawareof
potentiallyusefuldataheldbyotherprograms.

Duplicationofdata
Samedataisheldbydifferentprograms.
Wastedspaceandpotentiallydifferentvalues
and/ordifferentformatsforthesameitem.

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LimitationsofFileBasedApproach

Datadependence
Filestructureisdefinedintheprogramcode.

Incompatiblefileformats
Programsarewrittenindifferentlanguages,andso
cannoteasilyaccesseachothersfiles.

FixedQueries/ofapplicationprograms
Programsarewrittentosatisfyparticular
functions.
Anynewrequirementneedsanewprogram.
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DatabaseApproach
Arosebecause:
Definitionofdatawasembeddedinapplication
programs,ratherthanbeingstoredseparatelyand
independently.
Nocontroloveraccessandmanipulationofdata
beyondthatimposedbyapplicationprograms.

Result:
thedatabaseandDatabaseManagementSystem
(DBMS).

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Database
Sharedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddata(and
adescriptionofthisdata),designedtomeetthe
informationneedsofanorganization.

Systemcatalog(metadata)providesdescription
ofdatatoenableprogramdataindependence.

Logicallyrelateddatacomprisesentities,
attributes,andrelationshipsofan
organizationsinformation.
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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)
Asoftwaresystemthatenablesuserstodefine,
create,maintain,andcontrolaccesstothe
database.

(Database)applicationprogram:acomputer
programthatinteractswithdatabaseby
issuinganappropriaterequest(SQL
statement)totheDBMS.

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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

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DatabaseApproach
Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL).
Permitsspecificationofdatatypes,structuresand
anydataconstraints.
Allspecificationsarestoredinthedatabase.

Datamanipulationlanguage(DML).
Generalenquiryfacility(querylanguage)ofthe
data.

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DatabaseApproach

Controlledaccesstodatabasemay
include:
asecuritysystem
anintegritysystem
aconcurrencycontrolsystem
arecoverycontrolsystem
auseraccessiblecatalog.

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Views
Allowseachusertohavehisorherownviewof
thedatabase.

Aviewisessentiallysomesubsetofthe
database.

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ViewsBenefits
Reducecomplexity
Providealevelofsecurity
Provideamechanismtocustomizethe
appearanceofthedatabase
Presentaconsistent,unchangingpictureofthe
structureofthedatabase,evenifthe
underlyingdatabaseischanged

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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment

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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
Hardware
CanrangefromaPCtoanetworkof
computers.
Software
DBMS,operatingsystem,networksoftware(if
necessary)andalsotheapplicationprograms.
Data
Usedbytheorganizationandadescription
ofthisdatacalledtheschema.

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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
Procedures
Instructionsandrulesthatshouldbeappliedto
thedesignanduseofthedatabaseandDBMS.
People

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RolesintheDatabaseEnvironment

DataAdministrator(DA)
DatabaseAdministrator(DBA)
DatabaseDesigners(LogicalandPhysical)
ApplicationProgrammers
EndUsers(naiveandsophisticated)

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HistoryofDatabaseSystems

Firstgeneration
HierarchicalandNetwork

Secondgeneration
Relational

Thirdgeneration
ObjectRelational
ObjectOriented

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AdvantagesofDBMSs
Controlofdataredundancy
Dataconsistency
Moreinformationfromthesameamountof
data
Sharingofdata
Improveddataintegrity
Improvedsecurity
Enforcementofstandards
Economyofscale

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AdvantagesofDBMSs
Balanceconflictingrequirements
Improveddataaccessibilityandresponsiveness
Increasedproductivity
Improvedmaintenancethroughdata
independence
Increasedconcurrency
Improvedbackupandrecoveryservices

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DisadvantagesofDBMSs
Complexity
Size
CostofDBMS
Additionalhardwarecosts
Costofconversion
Performance
Higherimpactofafailure

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