Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CCNA-VOICE
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Loop Start
When the FXO is idle, the two-wire local loop is
open. The tip and ring leads are not connected
to each other. The ring lead connects to a - 48
VDC battery at the FXS side. The tip lead
connects to ground at the FXS side. No current
is flowing in the idle state.
To seize the circuit, the FXO simply connects
the ring wire to the tip wire by going off-hook.
The FXS side detects current flowing from
battery on the ring lead to ground on the tip
lead. The FXS returns dial tone to the FXO. The
FXO then sends the dialed digits.
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Glare
In the US for example, ring voltage is sent for
two seconds and not sent for the next four
seconds. When the FXS signals an inbound call,
the cadence does not always start with the
two-second 'on' phase.
Consequently, the FXS may think it has seized
the circuit, but the FXO may not detect the
signal for up to four seconds. During this four-
second window, the FXO may attempt to seize
the circuit for an outbound call. If both sides
seize the circuit at the same time, the resulting
condition is called 'glare.'
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When Sending A DialTone
LoopStart GroundStart
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When Ringing
Loop Start Ground Start
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T1 CAS SF Format
Time slot
8 bits
24 * 8 bits + 1 bit = 1 frame (193 bits)
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1 bit
12 frames = Super Frame sync.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time slot
7 bits +
1 robbed bit
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E1 R2 CAS (Cont.)
Time Slot 1 Time slot 17
Frame synchronization Frame 1 Indicates start of multiframe
Frames 216 Carry signaling (ABCD bits) for two
voice channels
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1. Frame: Start of Multiframe
2. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 2 and 18
3. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 3 and 19
4. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 4 and 20
5. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 5 and 21
16 frames 6. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 6 and 22
= 7. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 7 and 23
Multiframe 8. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 8 and 24
2.048 Mb/s 9. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 9 and 25
10. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 10 and 26
11. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 11 and 27
12. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 12 and 28
13. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 13 and 29
14. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 14 and 30
15. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 15 and 31
16. Frame: Signaling for Voice Slots 16 and 32
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