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L4 Seismic Resolution
Acquisition Impact on Resolution
2
Outline of this section
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From source to receiver...
Recording
Reco rd ing Instruments
Receivers
Ground Receiver C oupling
Receiver Frequen cy R esponse
A rray Effects
Upcoming
Shot Wavelet
H ole Free Low
Su rf ace Velocity
Gho st? Layer R efractions
Source Effects Scatt erers
Spherical
Do wng oin g Spreading Refraction s
Wavelet Short Period
Interface Losses M ult iples
Long Period
Q-Factor M ultiples
Reflection
Coeff icien t
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Source Requirements
Energy
Strong enough to overcome geometric spreading, absorption, or
transmission loss and still provide a reflection amplitude above
ambient noise.
Resolving power
Bandwidth as wide as the earth will pass.
Minimal source generated noise.
Repeatable.
Known, or recorded, pulse shape (signature).
Synchronisation/timing control.
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UK Wytch Farm
Sources used
1998
85km2
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Land: Dynamite
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Land: Vibroseis
Controls:
Sweep length, Frequency range,
Linear or non-linear, Tapering, Drive
level
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Typical non-linear Vibroseis sweep
70
60 0-P = 44.5 Bar-m
50 P-Tr = 91.5 Bar-m
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Amplitude (bar-m)
PBR = 13.9
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time (ms)
220
Whats this?
Amplitude (dB re 1 Pa / Hz)
210
200
190
180
Movie 170
160
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Frequency (Hz)
10
Ghost Effect & Engineering to compensate
Ghost polarities
are reversed Interference sum of ghost
& direct wave for 6m depth
200
Source Receiver
ghost - ghost %
- + Constructive
+
Direct
100
+ Direct
Destructive
Sea surface is near-perfect mirror
for sound
Source Receiver
ghost - ghost %
- +
+
Direct
100
+ Direct Shallow
Using vector sensors
Sea surface is near-perfect mirror
for sound Deep (Broadband)*
0
-45
-5
(degrees)
(dB)
-10 -90
-15
-135
-20
-25 1 10 100 1
-180 10 100
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
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Spatial sampling
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Example: choosing bin size for anti-aliasing target
Barakan-1
Pc0
J66
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General properties of Area of Interest (AOI)
Aru
WA1
3D
Pulau
m
Larat
0k
55
18
km
Tanimbar
WA2
20
0m
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Proposed 2D reprocessing optimise bin size,
maximum offset & onboard processing
sequence
WA10 vintage was acquired with
12.5m group interval ie bin size
6.25m. Migrations for any integer
multiple of 6.25m bin size can be
generated.
Generate apples for apples stacks for 6.25m, 12.5m, 18.75m and
25m
Migrate and compare acceptability of fault terminations and J66
updip edge definition what is maximum crossline bin size for strike
acquisition?
etc
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Fold
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Decimation, stratigraphic
target
inline
crossline
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Time slices on four decimations
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Small bins or high fold?
Now, the number of traces is kept the same, but the bin size is changed.
High fold (left) gives improved S/N
Smaller bins (right) give better spatial resolution
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Small bins or high fold?
A final comparison of the binning test with data that has both higher
fold and smaller bins, giving S/N and resolution.
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High resolution acquisition: Angola
example
Site survey data showed that high resolution was possible at
the target level.
A new 3D was designed to achieve this.
DAL-2 3D
3D HR
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Comparison of amplitude maps
Orig Hi-Res
Shale-
filled
channel
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Broadband Marine Acquisition
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Key points to remember
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