Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bus arrangements
Bus components
Bus protection techniques
CT Saturation
Application Considerations:
High impedance bus differential relaying
Low impedance bus differential relaying
Special topics
2
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Single bus - single breaker
ZONE 1
1 2 3 ---- n-1 n
3
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Multiple bus sections - single breaker with
bus tie
ZONE 2
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 1
TRANFER BUS
ZONE 2
7
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Double bus - double breaker
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 2
TB1
B1 B2
TB1
L3 L4
BUS 2
ISO 1 ISO 2
CB 1
ISO 3
BYPASS
11
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
SF6, EHV & HV - Synchropuff 15-Sep-17
Disconnect switches & auxiliary contacts
BUS 1
BUS 1
BUS 2
+
ISOLATOR 1
7B 7A
BUS 1
ISOLATOR 1
+
CB 1
7B 7A
ISO 3
BYPASS
ISOLATOR 1 CLOSED
F1a Contact Input F1a On
F1c Contact Input F1c On
F1b
- 12
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Current Transformers
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 1 ISO 2
Interlocking schemes
Overcurrent (unrestrained or unbiased)
differential
Overcurrent percent (restrained or biased)
differential
Linear couplers
High-impedance bus differential schemes
Low-impedance bus differential schemes
15
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Interlocking Schemes
Blocking scheme typically
used
Short coordination time
required
50
Care must be taken with
BLOCK
possible saturation of feeder
CTs
50 50 50 50 50
Blocking signal could be sent
over communications ports
(peer-to-peer)
This technique is limited to
simple one-incomer
distribution buses
16
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Overcurrent (unrestrained) Differential
Differential signal formed by
summation of all currents feeding
the bus
CT ratio matching may be
required
51 On external faults, saturated CTs
yield spurious differential current
Time delay used to cope with CT
saturation
Instantaneous differential OC
function useful on integrated
microprocessor-based relays
17
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Linear Couplers
59
0V
40 V 10 V 10 V 0V 20 V
External
Fault
If = 8000 A
18
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
2000 A 2000 A 0A 4000 A 15-Sep-17
Linear Couplers
Esec= Iprim*Xm - secondary voltage on relay terminals
where,
Iprim primary current in each circuit
Xm liner coupler mutual reactance (5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )
ZR relay tap impedance
ZC sum of all linear coupler self impedances
40 V 59
0V 10 V 10 V 0V 20 V
19
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
0A 2000 A 2000 A 0A 4000 A
Linear Couplers
20
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
High Impedance Differential
Operating signal created by
connecting all CT secondaries in
parallel
o CTs must all have the same ratio
o Must have dedicated CTs
Overvoltage element operates on
voltage developed across resistor
59 connected in secondary circuit
o Requires varistors or AC shorting
relays to limit energy during faults
Accuracy dependent on secondary
circuit resistance
o Usually requires larger CT cables to
reduce errors higher cost
23
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Digital Differential Algorithm Goals
Improve the main differential algorithm operation
o Better filtering
o Faster response
o Better restraint techniques
o Switching transient blocking
Provide dynamic bus replica for reconfigurable bus bars
Dependably detect CT saturation in a fast and reliable manner,
especially for external faults
Implement additional security to the main differential algorithm to
prevent incorrect operation
o External faults with CT saturation
o CT secondary circuit trouble (e.g. short circuits)
24
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Low Impedance Differential (Distributed)
Data Acquisition Units (DAUs)
installed in bays
52 52 52
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
processes all data from DAUs
DAU DAU DAU
Communications between DAUs
and CPU over fiber using
proprietary protocol
Sampling synchronisation
between DAUs is required
CU Perceived less reliable (more
hardware needed)
copper
fiber
Difficult to apply in retrofit
applications
25
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Low Impedance Differential (Centralized)
26
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
CT Saturation
27
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
CT Saturation Concepts
28
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
CT Saturation
No DC Offset
Waveform remains fairly
symmetrical
With DC Offset
Waveform starts off being
asymmetrical, then
symmetrical in steady
Ratio Current CT Current
state
29
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
External Fault & Ideal CTs
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Fault starts at t0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t1
Ideal CTs have no saturation or mismatch errors thus
produce no differential current 30
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
External Fault & Actual CTs
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Fault starts at t0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t1
Actual CTs do introduce errors, producing some differential
current (without CT saturation) 31
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
External Fault with CT Saturation
t2
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1
CT fully saturated at t2
CT saturation causes increasing differential current that
may enter the differential element operate region. 32
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Some Methods of Securing Bus Differential
33
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
High-Impedance
Bus Differential
Considerations
34
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
High Impedance Voltage-operated Relay
External Fault
59 element set above max possible voltage developed across
relay during external fault causing worst case CT saturation
For internal faults, extremely high voltages (well above 59
element pickup) will develop across relay
35
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
High Impedance Voltage Operated Relay
Ratio matching with Multi-ratio CTs
Application of high impedance differential relays with CTs of
different ratios but ratio matching taps is possible, but could
lead to voltage magnification.
Voltage developed across full winding of tapped CT does not
exceed CT rating, terminal blocks, etc.
36
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
High Impedance Voltage Operated Relay
Ratio matching with Multi-ratio CTs
Use of auxiliary CTs to obtain correct ratio matching is also
possible, but these CTs must be able to deliver enough voltage
necessary to produce relay operation for internal faults.
37
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Electromechanical High Impedance Bus
Differential Relays
Single phase relays
High-speed
High impedance voltage sensing
High seismic IOC unit
38
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
P -based High-Impedance Bus Differential
Protection Relays
39
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
High Impedance Module for Digital
Relays
41
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
High Impedance Bus Protection - Summary
Fast, secure and proven
Requires dedicated CTs, preferably with the same CT ratio
and using full tap
Can be applied to small buses
Depending on bus internal and external fault currents, high
impedance bus diff may not provide adequate settings for
both sensitivity and security
Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable buses
Require voltage limiting varistor capable of absorbing
significant energy
May require auxiliary CTs
Do not provide full benefits of microprocessor-based relay
system (e.g. metering, monitoring, oscillography, etc.)
42
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Low-Impedance
Bus Differential
Considerations
43
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
P-based Low-Impedance Relays
No need for dedicated CTs
Internal CT ratio mismatch compensation
Advanced algorithms supplement percent differential
protection function making the relay very secure
Dynamic bus replica (bus image) principle is used in
protection of reconfigurable bus bars, eliminating the need
for switching physically secondary current circuits
Integrated Breaker Failure (BF) function can provide optimal
tripping strategy depending on the actual configuration of
a bus bar
44
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Small Bus Applications
2-8 Circuit Applications
Up to 24 Current Inputs Different CT Ratio Capability for
4 Zones Each Circuit
Zone 1 = Phase A Largest CT Primary is Base in
Zone 2 = Phase B Relay
Zone 3 = Phase C
Zone 4 = Not used
45
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Medium to Large Bus Applications
9-12 Circuit Applications
Relay 1 - 24 Current Inputs Relay 2 - 24 Current Inputs
4 Zones 4 Zones
Zone 1 = Phase A (12 currents) Zone 1 = Not used
Zone 2 = Phase B (12 currents) Zone 2 = Not used
Zone 3 = Not used Zone 3 = Phase C (12 currents)
Zone 4 = Not used Zone 4 = Not used
Different CT Ratio Capability for Each Circuit
Largest CT Primary is Base in Relay
CB 11 CB 12
46
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Large Bus Applications
87B phase A
87B phase B
87B phase C
Logic relay
(switch status,
optional BF)
47
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Large Bus Applications
For buses with up to 24 circuits
48
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Summing External Currents
Not Recommended for Low-Z 87B relays
Relay becomes combination
CT-1
CT-4
differential currents
Associated feeders must be radial
I3 = 0
49
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Definitions of Restraint Signals
iR i1 i2 i3 ... in sum of
iR i1 i2 i3 ... in
1
scaled sum of
n
50
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Sum Of vs. Max Of Restraint Methods
51
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Bus Differential Adaptive Approach
Region 2
(high differential
currents)
differential
Region 1
(low differential
currents)
restraining
52
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Bus Differential Adaptive Logic Diagram
DIFL
AND
DIR
OR
OR
87B BIASED OP
SAT
AND
DIFH
53
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Phase Comparison Principle
Internal Faults: All fault (large) currents are approximately in
phase.
Secondary Current of
Faulted Circuit
No Voltages are required or needed (Severe CT Saturation)
54
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Phase Comparison Principle Continued
Ip Ip
imag imag
ID I p OPERATE ID I p
OPERATE
BLOCK BLOCK
Ip Ip
ID - Ip real ID - Ip real
Ip ID I p ID I p
Ip
BLOCK
BLOCK
OPERATE OPERATE
55
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
CT Saturation
t2
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1
CT fully saturated at t2
56
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
CT Saturation Detector State Machine
NORMAL
SAT := 0
The differential
current below the saturation
first slope for condition
certain period of
time EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
The differential-
The differential restraining trajectory
characteristic out of the differential
entered characteristic for
certain period of time
EXTERNAL
FAULT & CT
SATURATION
SAT := 1
57
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
CT Saturation Detector Operating
Principles
The 87B SAT flag WILL NOT be set during internal faults,
regardless of whether or not any of the CTs saturate.
The 87B SAT flag WILL be set during external faults,
regardless of whether or not any of the CTs saturate.
By design, the 87B SAT flag WILL force the relay to use
the additional 87B DIR phase comparison for Region 2
59
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
CT Saturation Example External Fault
200
150
100 ~1 ms
50
current, A
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12
time, sec
Despite heavy CT
saturation the
external fault current
The element is seen in the
The
does not opposite direction
directional flag
maloperate 60
is not set
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
CT Saturation Internal Fault Example
The
The element directional
operates in flag is set
10ms 61
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Applying Low-Impedance Differential
Relays for Busbar Protection
Basic Topics
Configure physical CT Inputs
Configure Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica
Calculating Bus Differential Element settings
Advanced Topics
Isolator switch monitoring for reconfigurable buses
Differential Zone CT Trouble
Integrated Breaker Failure protection
62
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Configuring CT Inputs
For each connected CT circuit enter Primary rating and
select Secondary rating.
Each 3-phase bank of CT inputs must be assigned to a
Signal Source that is used to define the Bus Zone and
Dynamic Bus Replica
65
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Configuring the Bus Differential Zone
Bus Zone settings defines the boundaries of the Differential
Protection and CT Trouble Monitoring.
66
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Dual Percent Differential Characteristic
High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
68
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Calculating Bus Differential Settings
Minimum Pickup
69
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Calculating Bus Differential Settings
Low Slope
70
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Calculating Bus Differential Settings
Low Breakpoint
Defines the upper limit to restraint currents that will be
biased according to the Low Slope setting
Should be set to be above the maximum load but not more
than the maximum current where the CTs still operate
linearly (including residual flux)
Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly (no
significant saturation effects up to 80% residual flux) up to
the Low Breakpoint setting
71
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Calculating Bus Differential Settings
High Breakpoint
72
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Calculating Bus Differential Settings
High Slope
Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents IRESTHigh
Breakpoint
Setting determines the stability of the differential element
for high current external faults
Traditionally, should be set high enough to accommodate
the spurious differential current resulting from saturation of
the CTs during heavy external faults
Setting can be relaxed in favour of sensitivity and speed as
the relay detects CT saturation and applies the directional
principle to prevent maloperation
Range: 50% to 100% in 1%. increments
73
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Calculating Unrestrained Bus Differential
Settings
74
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Dual Percent Differential Characteristic
High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
CT-1 CT-7
CT-2 B-2 CT-3 B-3 CT-4 B-4 CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
CT-1 CT-7
CT-2 B-2 CT-3 B-3 CT-4 B-4 CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2 S-4 S-6
SOUTH BUS
81
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Switch Status Logic and Dyanamic Bus
Replica
Isolator Open Isolator Closed Isolator Position Alarm Block Switching
Auxiliary Auxiliary
Contact Contact
Off On CLOSED No No
On Off OPEN No No
82
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Differential Zone CT Trouble
Each Bus Differential Zone may a dedicated CT Trouble
Monitor
Definite time delay overcurrent element operating on the
zone differential current, based on the configured Dynamic
Bus Replica
Three strategies to deal with CT problems:
1. Trip the bus zone as the problem with a CT will likely
evolve into a bus fault anyway
2. Do not trip the bus, raise an alarm and try to correct
the problem manually
3. Switch to setting group with 87B minimum pickup
setting above the maximum load current.
83
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Differential Zone CT Trouble
Strategies 2 and 3 can be accomplished by:
Using undervoltage supervision to ride through the period
from the beginning of the problem with a CT until declaring a
CT trouble condition
Using an external check zone to supervise the 87B function
Using CT Trouble to prevent the Bus Differential tripping (2)
Using setting groups to increase the pickup value for the 87B
function (3)
84
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Differential Zone CT Trouble Strategy #2
Example
87B operates
Undervoltage condition
CT OK
Breaker Failure
elements configured
here
88
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
Example Architecture Breaker Failure
Tripping Trip
90
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17
91
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
15-Sep-17