Human Cell

Human Cell
 Cell membrane
Every cell has a thin outer covering called the cell
membrane, or plasma membrane.

The cell membrane is made of molecules called

proteins and lipids arranged in an orderly manner.

The cell membrane also controls what materials go

into and out of the cell.

For example, the cell membrane allows nutrients and

oxygen to move into the cell, and carbon dioxide and waste
materials to move out of the cell.
 Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm and specialized working parts
called organelles are inside the cell membrane.

sea-like fluid that contains water and other chemicals

Some of these chemicals are found throughout the

cytoplasm.

Some of the chemicals are found just near the cell

membrane, around the edges of the cytoplasm.
The Nucleus
 There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the
nucleus of human cells.

Each chromosome is a particular length and has

a short arm and a long arm.

Besides size and shape, the banding pattern of a

chromosome is also distinctive

chromosome is made up of two parts-DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) and proteins
 Mitochondria
Mitochondria is battery of the cell.
 Mitochondria make a compound
called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from
other molecules.

Chemical bonds of food molecules, such as

sugar, are broken, energy in the form of ATP is
produced.
The ATP is then stored in the mitochondria

ATP contains the energy that is used by the cell

to make all of its products and to carry out its
functions.
ATP
 Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the organelles where proteins
are produced or synthesized.

Ribosomes are themselves made up of proteins

The ribosomes are scattered throughout the

cytoplasm or are attached to part of another
organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a series of
folded membranes that is used to move
materials around the cell.

All cells have endoplasmic reticulum (or ER).

The ER also is involved in helping to make
different kinds of cell membranes, including

the outer (plasma) cell membrane,

mitochondrial membrane, and
nuclear membrane.
 Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened
sacs.
The sacs appear to lie on top of one another in a
stack.
The bottom of the stack lies near the nucleus, or
part of the rough ER
The top of the stack lies closer to the outer cell
membrane.