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Systems of Particles
Center of mass
Example problems
Therefore: F
dU 1
U F dx C
dx
Consider some potential energy functions we know, and
find the forces:
1 dU
U x kx 2 C Fx kx
Spring: 2 dx
dU
U y mgy C Fy mg
Gravity near earth: dy
GMm dU GMm
Newtons Gravity: UR C FR
R dR R2
Its true!!
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 2
Potential Energy Diagrams
x
0
x
x 0
k
y x2
2 gm
F = -dU/dx = -slope
So F = 0 if slope = 0. m
This is the case at the x
minimum or maximum of
U(x). U
This is called an equilibrium
position.
If we place the block at
rest at x = 0, it wont
move.
x
0
Birds
Suppose U(x) looked U
unstable
like this:
This has two equilibrium neutral
positions, one is stable
(+ curvature) and one is
unstable (- curvature). stable
Think of a small object
sliding on the U(x) x
0
surface:
If it wants to keep sliding when you give it a little push,
the equilibrium is unstable.
If it returns to the equilibrium position when you give it
a little push, the equilibrium is stable.
If the curvature is zero (flat line) the equilibrium is
neutral.
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 8
System of Particles
m2
N m1
m i ri r
RCM i 1 r1 RCM 2
N y m3
mi r3
i 1
m4 r x
4
(In this case, N = 4)
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 10
System of Particles: Center of Mass
m1 m2 r1 m2 r2 r1
m1 m2 r2 - r1
m2
m1 RCM
r2
m2 r1
So: RCM r1 r2 r1
M
y
where M = m1 + m2
x
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 11
System of Particles: Center of Mass
If m1 = m2
1 r2 - r1
RCM r1 r2 r1 + m2
2
m1 RCM
the CM is halfway between r2
r1
the masses.
y
x
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 12
System of Particles: Center of Mass
If m1 = 3m2
1 r2 - r1
RCM r1 r2 r1 m2
4 +
m1
the CM is now closer to RCM r2
r1
the heavy mass.
y
x
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 13
System of Particles: Center of Mass
Baton
+ m1
+ m2
m1 m2
i m i x i i m i y i i m i z i
( X CM ,YCM , Z CM ) , ,
M M M
m2
m1
r
r1 RCM 2
y m3
r3
m4 r x
4
(In this case, N = 4)
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 15
Example Calculation:
Consider the following mass distribution:
i mi x i m0 ( 2 m )12 m24
X CM 12
M 4m
my m0 ( 2 m )12 m0 2m
YCM i i i 6
M 4m (12,12)
m m
(0,0) (24,0)
RCM = (12,6)
dm RCM
rdm rdm
dm M
r
y where dm is an infinitesimal
x mass element.
y RCM
x
+ + +
CM
+ +
+
R2 - R1
+ R2
so if we have two objects:
RCM
+
m1R1 m2 R2
RCM
m1 m2
m1 R1
m2
y R1 R2 R1
M
x
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 21
Lecture 13, Act 1
Center of Mass
The disk shown below (1) clearly has its CM at the center.
Suppose the disk is cut in half and the pieces arranged as
shown in (2):
Where is the CM of (2) as compared to (1)?
X
CM
(1) (2)
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 22
Lecture 13, Act 1
Solution
The CM of each half-disk will be closer to the fat end than to the
thin end (think of where it would balance).
X X
CM X
(1) (2)
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 23
System of Particles: Center of Mass Double
cone
The center of mass (CM) of an object is where we can
freely pivot that object. pivot
+
CM
Gravity acts on the CM of an object (show later)
CM
the pivot.
+
CM
mg
This fact can be used to find
the CM of odd-shaped objects.
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 24
System of Particles: Center of Mass Odd
shapes
Hang the object from several pivots and see where the
vertical lines through each pivot intersect!
pivot
pivot
pivot
+
CM
a) stable
b) neutral
c) unstable
CM CM
mg mg
(front view)
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 27
Lecture 13, Act 2
Solution
Consider also the case in which the two lower prongs have
balls of equal mass attached to them:
CM
CM
mg
mg
In this case, the center of mass When the object is pushed slightly,
of the object is below the wire gravity provides a restoring force,
creating a stable equilibrium
dRCM 1 N dri 1 N
So: VCM mi mi v i
dt M i 1 dt M i 1
dVCM 1 N dv i 1 N
And: ACM mi m i ai
dt M i 1 dt M i 1
The velocity and acceleration of the CM is just the weighted
average velocity and acceleration of all the particles.
So px = mvx etc.
F = ma
d dp
m dv ( mv ) F
dt dt dt
N
1 N
But we just showed that m i v i MVCM VCM mi v i
i 1 M i 1
So P MVCM
P MVCM
dP dV
Observe: M CM MACM m i ai Fi ,net
dt dt i i
dP
We are interested in so we need to figure out Fi ,net
dt i
Fi ,NET F13 F12 F1,EXT
i
m3
F31
F21 F23
F32
dP
Fi ,EXT FNET ,EXT
dt i m3
dP m1
FNET ,EXT MACM m2
dt
F1,EXT
Newtons 2nd law applied to systems!
M = 1.5m m
M = 1.5m m
They start at rest, so VCM = 0.
VCM remains zero because
there are no external forces. CM
So, the CM does not move!
L
They will meet at the CM.
x=0 x=L
M ( 0 ) m( L ) m( L ) 2
x cm L
M m 2 .5 m 5
20 ft
(a) 10 ft
before (b) 15 ft
20 ft (c) 16.7 ft
? ft
after
Physics 111: Lecture 13, Pg 38
Lecture 13, Act 3
Solution
Since the man and the canoe have the same mass, the
CM of the man-canoe system will be halfway between
the CM of the man and the CM of the canoe.
X
X
x
20 ft
CM of system
15 ft 10 ft
X
X
x
20 ft 5 ft
CM of system
Example problems