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UNMSM FIEE
E.P. INGENIERIA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES
INTRODUCCION A LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES
Semestre 2017 1
Datos
Analgicos
Valores continuos en un intervalo
determinado
Ej: sonido, video, ...
Digitales
Valores discretos
Ej: texto, nmeros enteros, ...
Seales
Analgicas
Variable de forma continua
Varios medios
Cable, fibra ptica, espacio
Ancho de Banda de voz de 100 Hz a 7 KHz
Ancho de Banda telefnico de 300 Hz a 3400 Hz
Ancho de Banda de video 4 MHz
Digitales
Usan dos componentes continuas
Se convierten datos discretos de varios valores en binario
(ASCII)
Espectro acstico (analgico)
ANCHOS DE BANDA
Seales analgicas que portan datos analgicos y
digitales
Seales digitales que portan
datos analgicos y digitales
Ancho de Banda y Velocidad Binaria
Pero:
Un aumento del ancho de banda B aumenta el
ruido
Un aumento de potencia de seal S aumenta las
no linealidades y el ruido de intermodulacin
Ejemplo
Canal entre 3 MHz y 4 MHz
Relacin seal ruido = 24 dB
Calcular ancho de banda
Respuesta: B = 1 MHz
Calcular la velocidad binaria terica mxima y el
nmero de niveles
Respuesta: SNR = 251
Respuesta: C = 8 Mbps
Respuesta: M = 16 niveles
Telecommunication
Use of technology to aid and enhance distance
communications
Analog communications: telephone, radio, TV, etc
Digital communications: telegraphy, cellular phone,
computer network, etc
Primary Communication
Resources
System Resources
Transmitted power
Average power of the transmitted signal, affect SNR
Channel bandwidth
Band of frequencies allocated for the transmission of
message signal, affect transmission speed
Example:
dial-up modem: limited bandwidth (~4 kHz), power not
very important (can be tens of watts, SNR is high)
Satellite: extremely power limited (low SNR), bandwidth
not very critical (can be several GHz)
Concept of SNR
Signal-to-noise ratio: ratio of the average signal
power to the average noise power
Transmission power is quantified by SNR
If noise is small (such as in telephone channel), transmitted
power need not be large for a high SNR
If noise is large (such as in wireless channel), transmitted
power has to be large in order to guarantee certain SNR
Objective of communication system design
Efficiency
use the two resources as efficiently as possible
achieve certain transmission speed with minimum bandwidth,
and guarantee certain SNR with minimum transmitted power
Description of Communication Systems
Sources of Information
Speech: 300~3300 Hz (0-
4KHz)
Music: 20 Hz ~ 15 kHz
Picture and video: ~4.2 MHz
Computer data: wideband
Channels
Wireline: twisted-pair,
coaxial cable, wave guide
Fibers
Water
Wireless: broadcast,
mobile communications,
satellite communication
Channel properties
Channels can be modeled as a system (has input and
output), such as a filter
Linear vs. non-linear
time invariant vs. time varying
Bandwidth limited vs. power limited
Spectrum
= Gamma rays
HX = Hard X-rays
SX = Soft X-Rays
EUV = Extreme ultraviolet
NUV = Near ultraviolet
NIR = Near infrared
MIR = Moderate infrared
FIR = Far infrared
Radio waves:
EHF = Extremely high frequency (Microwaves)
SHF = Super high frequency (Microwaves)
UHF = Ultrahigh frequency
VHF = Very high frequency
HF = High frequency
MF = Medium frequency
LF = Low frequency
VLF = Very low frequency
VF = Voice frequency
ELF = Extremely low frequency
Illustration of spectrum applications
What spectrum range is suitable for communication
through atmosphere?
RF spectrum
For cable transmission, the usable spectrum is
determined by the cable, and can be reused by using
more cables
Unlimited spectrum (e.g., fiber optics)
For wireless transmission, the spectrum is shared by
all applications (TV, radio broadcasting, satellite,
wireless LAN, cellular, etc)
Spectrum becomes a scarce resource
Only spectrum of 3MHz 30 GHz range is especially suitable
for general purpose wireless communications
.
Shannon
Claude Elwood Shannon
Father of Information Theory
Electrical engineer, mathematician, and native
son of Gaylord. His creation of information theory,
the mathematical theory of communication,
in the 1940s and 1950s inspired the revolutionary
advances in digital communications and
information storage that
have shaped the modern world.
This statue was donated by the
Information Theory Society of the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
whose members follow gratefully in his footsteps.
Dedicated October 6, 2000
Eugene Daub, Sculptor