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machine that converts energy from one form

to another
the power received by a dynamo is called
input
generator = mechanical power
motor = electrical power
the power delivered by a dynamo is called
output
generator = electrical power
motor = mechanical power
mechanical power is expressed in horsepower
1 hp = 33,000 ft.-lb. of energy per minute
1 hp = 746 watts
power input > power output
the difference between its power output (in
watts) and its the power input to a machine
(in watts)
produces heating in a dynamo
therefore, the greater the power loss as a
percentage of the power input, the hotter will
the machine tend to become
1. those that are caused by the rotation of the
armature
2. those that result from a current flow in the
various part of the machine

(1) rotational losses


(2) electical losses
rotational losses may be divided into five
parts:
1. bearing friction
2. brush friction
3. wind friction
4. hysterisis
5. eddy currents
hysteresis loss takes place in the revolving
armature coil because the magnetic polarity
in the iron changes in step with the changing
positions of the magnetic material under the
various poles
This hysteresis loss is magnetic in character
but results only because the armature coil is
turning; it may classified as a rotational loss
These eddy currents result because the
generated voltages in the iron near the
outside surface are greater than those closer
to the center of the shaft because of he higher
speed
Eddy currents are electromagnetic in
character but result only because of the
rotation of the armature core; these too, may
therefore be regarded as rotational loss
Coppper losses always occur when there is a
current flow to through the various copper
circuits.
(1) armature winding; IA^2RA
(2) brush contacts between the copper
commutator and the carbon brushes;
this loss depends upon brush-contact voltage
drop and the armature current IA
Armature-ressitance copper loss is
approximately proportional to the square of
the load, while the brush contact is nearly
directly proportional to the load.
various copper losses are (1) shunt field, (2)
series field, (3) interpole field, (4)
compensating-winding field
shunt field loss is the only one that is nearly
constant and is eqaul t ETISH
ET = terminal voltage
ISH = shunt field current
other fields are proportional to the square of
the load
result form such factors as:
(1) distortion of the flux because of
armature reaction
(2) lack of uniform division of current in
the armature winding through the various paths
and through individual conductors of large
cross-sectional area
(3) short-circuit currents in the coils
undergoing commtation
EFFICIENCY OF DIRECT-CURRENT
GENERATORS
Efficiency of Direct-Current Generators
- Is the ratio of the electrical power output ET x IL to the
mechanical power input, converted to watts.

% efficiency = watts output X 100


watts input

% efficiency = watts output


X 100
watts output + watts losses
Two methods for determining the efficiency of a
generator:

(1) By directly measuring the total power output and the total
power input;
(2) by making certain necessary tests from which the various
power losses are determined.

Calibrated motor drives the machine under tests.


(voltmeter and ammeter measures the output)
Conventional method determining the efficiency through
calculations.
Procedures to determine the conventional efficiency of a
generator :

1. Measure the resistance of the armature.


2. Measure the resistance of the interpole field.
3. Measure the resistance of the series field.
4. Measure the shunt-field resistance.
5. Measure the rotational (stray-power) loss.

The fact that the machine operates at rated speed means


that the frictional losses are duplicated. Since the core loss is
proportional to the flux EG = kS, it follows that the core
loss will be proportional to the generated emf if the speed is
correct. Proper speed adjustment is made with the field
rheostat. The correct armature voltage to be applied is

EA = (ET + EB) + IARA


where: ET = rated name-plate
ET = brush drop
IA = rated armature current
RA = armature resistance
To determine the efficiencies of a generator at Loads other
than that at full load, it is necessary merely to use proper
value of current for the several resistances. The stray-power
loss in each case must be calculated for each load on the
basis of the proper generated emf, where the stray-power
loss is assumed to be proportional to its generated voltage.
Selection of Generators and Motors
Factors that must be consider if proper choice is to be made:
1. What should be the rating in kilowatts or horsepower, voltage and speed?
2. The type of machine (shunt, series or compund)
3. For Generator:
- Degree of compounding - Type of Control
- The way it is to be mounted - Location
- The kind of prime mover

4. For Motors:
- Starting torque requirements
- Overload possibilities
- Type of service (continuous duty or intermittent duty)
- The regulation
- Type of speed control
- How it is be mounted (floor, side wall or ceilling)
- The surrounding conditions
- Altitude
- Kind of driver
Efficiency of a dc motor is the ratio of the mechanical power
output, converted to watts, to the electrical power input. As a
percentage, this statement may be written in equation form:
746
% efficiency =
x100

watts input = (hp output x 746) + watts losses

746
%efficiency= x100 %efficiency= (1- )x100
746 + 746 +
A 15-hp motor has a total loss of 1310 watts
when operating at full load. Calculate the
percent efficiency.

1310
% efficiency = 1 100 =
15 746 +1310
.
A 25 hp motor has an efficiency of 84.9% when delivering three-quarters of its rated output.
Calculate the total losses at this load.

(0.75 25 746)
84.9 = 100
0.75 25 746 +

14000 100
Losses = -14000 = 2500 watts
84.9
Ea=(Et-Eb)-IaRa
Ea = voltage impressed across
armature
Et = terminal emf or rated
name-plate voltage
Eb = brush drop
IaRa = armature resistance
drop at full load
All power losses are converted into heat, it follows that the
temperature rise of a machine is affected very definitely by the
efficiency.
Energy cost of the losses in a dynamo, as a percentage of the
total operating cost, goes up as the efficiency become less.
Better machine is likely to be more reliable and less subject to
breakdown, and thus involve fewer maintenance costs, than one
whose efficiency is comparatively low.

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