RC & L circuits

Capacitor
DC response
Discharging a Capacitor
When a capacitor with initial charge Q0 is discharged through
a resistor of resistance R (see circuit) the equation governing
discharge is
Q/C = IR
where Q is the charge on the capacitor and i is the current at
some time t. But:
Discharging a Capacitor

On integration this gives:

On dividing both sides by C the expression for the potential

across the capacitor is obtained:
Discharging a Capacitor
obtain the appropriate loop equation for
the circuit (see Figure)

Charge versus time for a discharging

capacitor

Current versus time for a discharging

capacitor
 The product RC (capacitance resistance) which we see in the
formula is called the time constant (t). The units for the time
constant are seconds. We can go back to base units to show
that ohms farads are seconds.
So if we discharge the capacitor for RC seconds, we can easily
find out the fraction of charge left:

V= V0 e RC/RC = V0 e 1 = 0.37 V0

So after RC seconds the voltage is 37 % of the original. This is

used widely by electronic engineers. To increase the time
taken for a discharge we can:
Increase the resistance.
Increase the capacitance.
Contoh, the half-life to the capacitance
At the half life:
Q = Q0/2
t = t1/2

Q0/2 = Q0 e t1/2/RC
= e t1/2/RC
2-1 = e t1/2/RC
e + t1/2/RC = 2
loge (2) = t1/2/RC, (loge = ln)
t1/2 = loge (2) RC = 0.693 RC

So, the half-life is 69 % of the time constant.

 Charging a Capacitor
Similarly if a capacitor is charged through a resistance from a
battery supply of constant voltage V0 (see circuit) the governing
equation is:

This integrates to:

Or,

On dividing through by C:
 Charge versus time for a capacitor
being charged

Differentiating this expression to get the current as a function of time gives:

Current versus time for a charging
capacitor
 Soal

A 5000 mF capacitor is charged to 12.0 V

and discharged through a 2000 W
resistor.
(a) What is the time constant?
(b) What is the voltage after 13 s?
(c) What is the half-life of the decay?
(d) How long would it take the capacitor
to discharge to 2.0 V
Ayo di hitung
 Inductor

An inductor is a passive electrical component that

can store energy in a magnetic field created by the
electric current passing through it.
An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is
measured by its inductance, in units of henries.
Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped
as a coil; the loops help to create a strong magnetic
field inside the coil due to Ampere's Law.
The expression for the current

di
L Ri 0
dt

15
 di
L Ri 0
dt
A first-order ordinary differential equation with
constant coefficients.
How do we solve it?

di R
dt idt
dt L

16
di R
dt idt
dt L
di R
dt
i L
dx R
dy
i (t ) t

x
i ( t0 )
L t0

i (t ) R
ln (t t ) 0
i (t ) 0
L
i (t ) R
ln t
i (0) L
R

i (t ) i (0)e
( )t
L

17
The Complete Solution
t
R

i (t ) I e
0
L
,t 0

18
Inductor Time Constant

The rate at which the current or voltage

approaches zero.

L
t
R

19
AC Response
Capacitor AC Response

the voltage across a capacitor lags the current

because the current must flow to build up the
charge, and the voltage is proportional to that charge
which is built up on the capacitor plates.
 Low Pass Filter or LPF
The circuit is an AC voltage divider
Vout/Vin = Xc / ((R2 + Xc2)) = 1 / ((1+ 2R2C2))1/2
Gain can be found by using the following
equation
 the Low Pass Filter has a constant output voltage from D.C. (0Hz), up
to a specified cut-off frequency, (c ) point.
Regardless of the component values we use in our filter, there will be
one particular frequency at which R = XC (for the RC filter). At this cut-
off frequency , vOUT/vIN = 0.707, and the calculation above will
indicate a ratio of -3 dB. (dB = - 20log Vout/Vin).
The cut-off frequency or -3dB point can be found using the formula,
c = 1/(2RC)
From this point, at lower frequencies, attenuation is reduced and
rapidly becomes 0 db. At higher frequencies, attenuation increases
rapidly until it falls off at a constant slope of 20 db per frequency
decade as shown.
The frequency range "below" this cut-off point c is generally known
as the Pass Band as the input signal is allowed to pass through the
filter. The frequency range "above" this cut-off point c is generally
known as the Stop Band as the input signal is blocked or stopped
from passing through.
The phase angle
Phase shift angle can be found by using the following
equation:
Phase Shift = - arctan (2 fRC)
The phase angle of the output signal at c is -45o for a Low
Pass Filter.
 A Low Pass Filter circuit consisting of a resistor of 4k7
in series with a capacitor of C = 47nF is connected
across a 10v DC supply. Calculate the output voltage
(Vout) at a frequency of 100Hz, 1kHz and again at
frequency of 10,000Hz or 10kHz.
At frequency 100 Hz, Vout =? Gain =?
At frequency 1kHz Hz, Vout =? Gain =?
At frequency 10kHz, Vout = ? Gain = ?
Plot diagram gain versus frequency (logarithmic)!
Plot phase shift angle !
The RC Integrator
The Integrator is basically a low pass filter circuit that converts a
square wave step response input signal into a triangular shaped
waveform output as the capacitor charges and discharges.
A Triangular waveform consists of alternate but equal positive and
negative ramps. As seen below, if the RC time constant is long
compared to the time period of the input waveform the resultant
output waveform will be triangular in shape and the higher the input
frequency the lower will be the output amplitude compared to that
of the input.
 High Pass Filters
A High Pass Filter or HPF, is the exact opposite to that of
the previously seen Low Pass filter circuit as now the
output signal (Vout) is taken from across the Resistor as
shown.
The passive high pass filter circuit rejects all low frequency
signals and passes only high frequency signals above the
selected cut-off point, c.
 Frequency Response of a High Pass Filter
 The High Pass Filter has no output voltage from DC (0Hz),
up to a specified cut-off frequency (c).
This cut-off frequency point is 70.7% or -3dB (dB = -
20log Vout/Vin) of the voltage gain allowed to pass.
The frequency range "below" this cut-off point c is
generally known as the Stop Band while the frequency
range "above" this cut-off point is generally known as the
Pass Band.
The cut-off frequency or -3dB point, can be found using
the formula, c = 1/(2RC). The phase angle of the output
signal at c is +45o.
 Cut-off Frequency and Phase Shift

Soal. Calculate the cut-off or "breakpoint" frequency (c)

for a simple High Pass RC Filter that has an 82pF
capacitor connected in series with a 240k Resistor.
The RC Differentiator
if we feed the High Pass Filter with a Square Wave signal producing a
step response input the output waveform will be a short duration
pulse or spikes as shown.

Each cycle of the square wave input waveform produces two spikes at the output, one
positive and one negative and whose amplitude is equal to that of the input. The rate of
decay of the spikes depends upon the time constant, (RC) value of both components, (t
= R x C) and the value of the input frequency. The output pulses resemble more and
more the shape of the input signal as the frequency increases.
 Band Pass Filter
Unlike a Low Pass Filter that only pass signals of a low frequency range or a High
Pass Filter which pass signals of a higher frequency range, a Band Pass Filters
only pass signals within a certain "band" or "spread" of frequencies without
distorting the input signal or introducing extra noise.

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RL Circuits
say when t = 0, use Kirchoff's voltage
law to obtain an expression involving
i, R, and L.

Then,

Time constant,

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LC Circuits
Capacitors and inductors are capable
of storing energy in the electric field
and magnetic field respectively.
The capacitor, which charged, is
connected to the inductor. The
capacitor starts discharging i.e., the
charges on capacitor start decreasing.
If q and I were the charge and current
then according to Kirchoffs Law.

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LC Circuits
Resonance
LC series
LC parallel

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