Protection Application Network General

Handbook
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 Network General
Line Inductance and capacitance
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Typical Values

Voltage X1 X0
Level ohm/km ohm/km
130 0.4 1.6
400 0.3 1.2
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Power Line
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Propagation speed and Surge impedance
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Propagation speed and Surge impedance
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Surge impedance load
Surge impedance loading ( SIL) of a line is the
power delivered by a line to a purely resistive load
equal to its surge impedance.

SIL = ( VL) / v( L/C) MW

Power system engineers find it convenient to

express the power transmitted by a line in terms of
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per unit of SIL

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 Network General
Surge impedance load

At surge impedance load the reactive power

produced in the shunt capacitance of the line
is same as the reactive power consumed by
the reactance along the line.
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Surge impedance load

Surge impedance load is normally considered for

very long transmission lines at very high voltages.
For these cases actual power should not deviate
too much from surge impedance
For 220 kV line ( Single conductor) ~ 120 MW
For 400 kV line (Duplex conductor) ~ 500 MW
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Transferred active power < Surge impedance load
and no reactive power taken at receiving end

Voltage at receiving end > Voltage at sending end

Voltage higher at the middle of the line if voltage

kept equal at both ends
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 Network General
Transferred active power > Surge impedance load
and no reactive power taken at receiving end

Voltage at receiving end < Voltage at sending end

Voltage lower at the middle of the line if voltage

kept equal at both ends
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Representation of short lines < 50kM
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Representation of long lines 50 - 200 kM
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Actions to reduce voltage drop

Keep service voltage high

Decrease reactive power flow in line by
producing reactive power
Install shunt capacitors
Reduce inductive reactance of line
Install series capacitor
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Synchronous stability
Angular change If transferred power during fault is zero
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Synchronous stability : Equal area method
Angular change If transferred power during fault is not zero
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Actions to improve stability

More than one conductor per phase

Series capacitor
Short fault clearing time
Single phase autoreclosing
Increase inertia constant in the generator
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Shunt Reactor
Limits over voltages

Limits transfer of reactive power (Usually thyristor

controlled)
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Neutral reactor
Capacitive coupling between phases help maintain arc
at fault point making I ph auto reclosing difficult
400kV transposed line
0.5 S dead time up to 180 kM
400kV un transposed line
1 S dead time up to 90 kM
For longer lines necessary to provide reactors on both
ends and neutral reactor
Inductance of neutral reactor ~ 26%
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 Network General
Capacitive Coupling and Single-pole Tripping
A B C C p
A B C

C p C p

L R

Ce Ce Ce
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 Network General
Fixed Four-reactor Scheme
AB C AB C

L R

Lp Lp Lp

Ln
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Network General