Network Fundamentals

Abdelkhalik Elsaid Mosa

abdu.elsaid@yahoo.com
http://abdelkhalik.staff.scuegypt.edu.eg/
Suez Canal University Faculty of Computers & Informatics - Cisco Local Academy
IP v4

Suez Canal University Faculty of Computers & Informatics - Cisco Local Academy
 IP v4
32 Bits

Dotted Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

Binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

128
64
32
16

4
2
1

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
Ex. Decimal 192 168 171 221
Ex. Binary 11000000 10101000 10101011 11011101
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Types of addresses in IP v4 network

Suez Canal University Faculty of Computers & Informatics - Cisco Local Academy
Types of addresses in IP v4 network
Network address: The address by which we refer to the network,
all host bits are 0.
192 168 171 0

11000000 10101000 10101011 00000000

Broadcast address: A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network, all host bits are 1.
192 168 171 255

11000000 10101000 10101011 11111111

Host addresses: The addresses assigned to the end devices in the
network values between network and broadcast.
192 168 171 From 1 to 254

11000000 10101000 10101011 00000001 to11111110

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Types of addresses in IP v4 network
Prefix Length: the number of bits in the address that gives us the
network portion. Ex: 192.168.171.221/24
Subnet Mask: consists of 32 bits and uses 1s to represent
network portion and 0s to represent host portion.
Ex: 255.255.255.0

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Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast Types of Communication
Unicast: the process of sending a packet from one host to an
individual host One-to-One.
Multicast: the process of sending a packet from one host to a
selected group of hosts One-to-Many.
Multicast clients: Hosts that wish to receive multicast data, and
must subscribe to a Multicast Group.
Broadcast: the process of sending a packet from one host to all
hosts in the network One-to-All.
1.Directed Broadcast: is sent to all hosts on a specific network.
Ex: 192.168.171.255/24
2.Limited Broadcast: is used for communication that is limited to
the hosts on the local network. Ex: 255.255.255.255
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Reserved IP v4 address range
Host Addresses: 0.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Within this range there are many addresses that are already
reserved for special purposes.

Multicast Addresses (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255):

1. Reserved link local addresses: 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255.
Used for multicast groups on a local network.
2. Globally scoped addresses: 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255.
Used to multicast data across the Internet.
3. Administratively scoped addresses: 239.0.0.0/8 (limited scope).
Used by ISPs to send multicast data to their subscribers.

Experimental Addresses: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 (RFC 3330).

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Public and Private addresses
Public addresses: designated for use in networks that are
accessible on the Internet.
Private addresses: used for internal networks and not routable
on the Internet.
The private address blocks are:
1. 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
2. 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
3. 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
NAT allows the hosts in the network to "borrow" a public
address for communicating to outside networks.
http://whatismyipaddress.com/
http://show-ip.net/
http://www.whatismyip.com/
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Public and Private addresses

Suez Canal University Faculty of Computers & Informatics - Cisco Local Academy
Special IP v4 Addresses
Network and Broadcast Addresses:
Within each network the first and last addresses cannot be
assigned to hosts.
Default Route: 0.0.0.0, all (0.0.0.0 /8) address block is reserved.
The default route is used as a "catch all" route when a more
specific route is not available.
Loopback: 127.0.0.0 - to - 127.255.255.255.
Hosts use loopback to direct traffic to themselves.
Link-Local Addresses: 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
Automatically assigned by OS where no IP config. is available.
TEST-NET Addresses: 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0 /24).
is set aside for teaching and learning purposes.
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Special IP v4 Addresses

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Classful Addressing

Classful allocation of address space often wasted many addresses, which exhausted
the availability of IPv4 addresses. Classless Addressing solves this problem
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Fill in the information
1. 192.168.1.3 Class ------- Default Mask: ---------------
Network: ------------------- Broadcast: -------------------
Hosts: ----------------------through-----------------------

2. 1.12.100.31 Class ------- Default Mask: ---------------

Network: ------------------- Broadcast: --------------------
Hosts: ----------------------through-----------------------

3. 172.30.77.5 Class ------- Default Mask: ---------------

Network: ------------------- Broadcast: -------------------
Hosts: ----------------------through-----------------------
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Who assigns the different addresses?

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), www.iana.net.

IANA is the master holder of the IP addresses
Registration companies, called Regional Internet Registries (RIRs),
manage the IP address space.

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ISPs
Tier 1 ISPs provides reliability and speed.
Tier 2 ISPs generally focus on business customers.
Tier 3 ISPs is the retail and home markets in a specific locale.

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Overview of IP v6
IPv6 is not merely a new Layer 3 protocol - it is a new protocol
suite, ICMPv6, and new routing protocols.
Large address space
No need for NAT/PAT
Improved Packet Handling through header simplification.
QoS Mechanisms.
Security

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Overview of IP v6

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ANDing- What is our network?
The IPv4 host address is logically ANDed with its subnet mask to
determine the network address to which the host is associated.

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Basic Subnetting
Subnetting: Creating multiple logical networks from a single
address block.
No. of subnets: 2n where n = the number of bits borrowed.

Dividing networks based on:

1. geographic location
2. Purposes
3. ownership

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Basic Subnetting Borrowing 2 bits (4-Subnets)

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Basic Subnetting Borrowing 3 bits (8-Subnets)

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VLSM Subnetting a subnet
was designed to maximize addressing efficiency.

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Testing the local stack
Ping: is a utility for testing IP connectivity between hosts.
Uses ICMP.
If the host Echo request, The destination responds with an
ICMP Echo Reply datagram.

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Traceroute (tracert) Testing the path
tracert: utility that allows us to observe the path between source
and destination.
generates a list of hops that were successfully reached along
the path.
RTT (Round Trip Time): is the time a packet takes to reach the
remote host and for the response from the host to return.
An asterisk (*) is used to indicate a lost packet.
If TTL=0 then
The router drops the packet and sends an ICMP Time Exceeded
message addressed to the originating host.

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ICMP v4
ICMP is the messaging protocol for the TCP/IP suite.
ICMP provides control and error messages and is used by the
ping and traceroute utilities.
ICMP messages that may be sent include:
Host confirmation
Unreachable Destination or Service
0 = net unreachable, 1 = host unreachable, 2 = protocol unreachable,
3 = port unreachable
Time exceeded
Route redirection
Source quench
Suez Canal University Faculty of Computers & Informatics - Cisco Local Academy
Suez Canal University Faculty of Computers & Informatics - Cisco Local Academy