L.D.

COLLECE
OF ENGINEERING
RESEARCH SKILL
STUDY ON EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF
RECYCLED WASTE MATERIALS ON
EXPANSIVE SOIL

PREPARED BY : CHAUDHARI SHIVANI

ENROLL. NO. : 160280743004

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Contents
•Introduction
•Objective
•Methodology
•Result
•Conclusion
•Research gap

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 PAPER 1
Improvement of Problematic Soils with Biopolymer—An
Environmentally Friendly Soil Stabilizer
JOURNAL : Journal of Geotechnical And Geoenvironmental Engineering ©ASCE
AUTHORS : Nima Latifi, Suksun Horpibulsuk, Christopher L. Meehan, Muhd Zaimi Abd
Muhd Mahmood Md Tahir, and Edy Tonnizam Mohamad
YEAR OF PUBLISHED : August 2016

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Introduction
•The current study illustrates the viability of xanthan gum as an environmentally friendly
stabilizer that can improve the engineering properties of both low- and high-swelling
clays. Experimental mechanical tests were performed on both untreated and xanthan
gum–stabilized montmorillonite and kaolinite clays.
•This paper presents a research that includes laboratory testing of UCS tests, direct shear
tests, and one-dimensional (1D) consolidation tests, field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FESEM) tests, surface area analysis tests, and particle size analysis (PSA)
tests using laser diffraction.

Objective
•Main objective is increasing focus on the use of more environmentally friendly and
suitable materials.
•To examine the respective changes in engineering properties and microstructural
characteristics of the stabilized specimens over time.

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 Methodology
•First they find engineering properties and chemical characteristics of the bentonite and
kaolinite.
•UCS testing of untreated and stabilized specimens was performed ,bentonite and kaolinite were
compacted using standard Proctor energy and then their optimum moisture content (OMC) and
maximum dry unit weight were determined. Varying xanthan contents of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%
by weight of dry soils were used in the current study.
•Direct shear testing of untreated and stabilized specimens was performed by curing for 7,28 or
90 days.
•One-dimensional consolidation tests were performed in accordance with BS 1377-5:1990 (BSI
1990c) on untreated specimens and stabilized specimens at the optimum additive content
obtained from the UCS test results.
•FESEM can be used to determine the microstructural properties of soil fabric because it provides
information on the size, shape, and state of orientation and aggregation of soil particles.

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Results
•The 28-day UCS of stabilized bentonite increased to 2,580 kPa when mixed with 1% xanthan
gum, which is approximately nine times the UCS value of untreated bentonite (286 kPa).
Similarly, the 28-day UCS of treated kaolinite increased to 1,180 kPa when mixed with 1.5%
xanthan gum, which is approximately eight times the UCS value of untreated kaolinite (150 kPa).
•Untreated bentonite and stabilized bentonite at a 1% xanthan gum contet measured friction
angle values increased from 21 to 24 degrees after 28 days of curing and to 26 degrees after 90
days. The 28-day cohesion of treated soil was 454 kPa, which is approximately five times that of
untreated soil (95 kPa). The 90-day cohesion was 530 kPa, which is only slightly higher than the
28-day cohesion.
•The untreated kaolinite and stabilized kaolinite at a 1.5% optimum xanthan gum content the
cohesion of the treated kaolinite specimens increased markedly with increases in curing time.
The 28-day cohesion of treated kaolinite was 316 kPa, which is approximately six times higher
than that of the untreated kaolinite. The maximum cohesion of 366 kPa.

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Conti….
• The compression index (Cc) of treated bentonite was 0.66 after 28 days of curing, which is an
approximate 67% reduction from that of the untreated bentonite, whereas Cc after 90 days was
0.48, an approximate 76% reduction; this behaviour corresponds to a change of only 9%, even
with a relatively long curing period of 62 days .
•Similarly, the swelling index (Cs) of treated bentonite after 28 days was reduced by
approximately 73%, from 1.11 to 0.3.
•1D consolidation tests on untreated and 1.5% xanthan gum–treated kaolinite specimens at
different curing periods. can be observed that soil stabilization reduced Cc from 0.66 to 0.26 (an
approximate 60% reduction) and Cs from 0.18 to 0.08 after 90 days of curing.

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Conclusion
• Generally increased additive levels and curing times yielded increases in shear-strength values
measured in the UCS tests and direct shear tests, and increased stiffness (i.e., a decreased
tendency for compressibility) and increased yield stress values in 1D consolidation tests, for tests
conducted on stabilized specimens.
•xanthan gum is recommended as an environmentally friendly stabilizer for problematic clayey
soils that provides an alternative to more traditional soil stabilization approaches.

Research gap
•By using more effective biopolymer further research is done.
•Also CBR strength can be find out for repetitive loading.

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 Paper 2
Fiber and Fly Ash Stabilization Methods to Treat Soft Expansive Soils
JOURNAL : Journal of Soft Ground Technology ©ASCE
AUTHORS : Anand Puppala, Laureano Hoyos, Chirayus Viyanant,3and Chisha Musenda
YEAR OF PUBLISHED : July 2013

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Introduction
•This paper presents a summary of test results from two separate studies conducted on
expansive soil stabilization using recycled waste materials.
•Fly ash and polypropylene fibers were evaluated in these studies. Two different expansive soil
types were used as control soil. Both methods increased strength and decreased shrinkage
strain of raw expansive soil.

Objective
•To evaluate the effectiveness of the stabilization methods for both raw and treated soil.
•Main objective is to use recycled material , cost effective and can be used in sulfate rich soils.
•To reduce the volume change behaviour and increase the strength of expansive soil.

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Methodology
•Two natural clayey soils from irving and aelington were use as raw soils and fine the physical
properties of both soil.

•Soil samples were prepared at OMC and maximum dry unit weight conditions.

•Six levels of fly ash percentages were used: 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by dry weight of soil
and find out the free swell, shrinkage , UCS.

•Four levels of fibre dosages were used : 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% of dry weight soil.

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Results

FLY ASH TREATEDSOIL

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Conti…

Polypropylene fibre treated soils

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Conclusion
•Both methods showed increase in UCS of raw soils. Fly ash treatment decreased both free swell
and linear shrinkage strains of raw soils.
•Fiber reinforcement decreased the vertical shrinkage strains however it increased the free swell
values by 2%.
•Fly ash treatment method can be used to stabilize expansive soils, and fibres can be used to
strengthen and decrease the shrinkage potentials of expansive solis.

Research gap
•Further research is also done with effective fibre and also UCS test with 7,28 days of curing.

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 Paper 3
Assessment of Recycled Gypsum for Organic Soft Clay Soil
Improvement

JOURNAL : Journal of Geotechnical And Geoenvironmental Engineering ©ASCE

AUTHORS : Aly Ahmed, Keizo Ugaiand ,Takeshi Kamei
YEAR OF PUBLISHED : April 2013

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Introduction
•This study investigates the use of recycled gypsum, produced from gypsum wastes, as a stabilizer
material to enhance the strength of organic, very soft clay soil taken in consideration
environmental impacts.
• Recycled gypsum was mixed with lime in different ratios and different contents of this
admixture were used to improve both mechanical and environmental properties of tested soil.
Lime was used as a solidification agent for gypsum-soil mixture since gypsum is soluble material.

Objective
•The main objective of this study is to investigate the use of recycled gypsum mixed with lime as
a stabilizer material to improve the mechanical properties of organic, very soft clay soil.
• Further, the effect of recycled gypsum-lime admixture on the environmental properties of
tested soil, in terms of fluorine, hexilvanent chromium and boron solubility is investigated.

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Methodology
•Penetration cone strength, water content and dry unit weight were determined for samples
stabilized with recycled gypsum. These values were used to represent the effect of recycled
gypsum on the mechanical properties of tested soil.
•The compaction process was done by placing soil-gypsum mixture in three layers in accordance
with ASTM 698, method C (ASTM, 1985) for mould size and number of layers only. Each layer
was compacted with 25 blows and the compaction effort used herein is not matching with ASTM
standard method.
•The measurements of solubility concentration for fluorine, boron, and chromium for untreated
and treated soil samples were conducted by using leaching tank method. In this method the
tested soil was mixed with distilled water with a ratio of 1(solid) to 10 (water) and was kept for a
certain time. The solubility for the required substance elements was then measured on the
solution.

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Results

Effect of gypsum lime admixture Effect of gypsum lime admixture

Content on dry unit weight Content on water content

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Cont.….

Effect of admixture content and Effect of admixture content and

ratio on the solubility of flourine ratio on the solubility of boron
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Conclusion
•The increase of gypsum-lime admixture content has a significant effect on water content
decrease, dry unit weight increase and cone strength increase.
•The effect of admixture content and ratio on strength increase is not significant up to the
content of 22.5% especially in the early curing time of 2 hours. Beyond that curing time, the
strength increased significantly with the increase of ratio and content of admixture.
•The increase of admixture content has a slightly effect on the increase of fluorine solubility and
decreases the solubility of born.

Research gap
•Further research is also done with UCS test with treated and untreated soil for7,28 days of
curing.

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 Paper 4
Soil Improvement with Organo-silane

JOURNAL : Journal of Advance Ground Improvement ©ASCE

AUTHORS : John L. Daniels, M. ASCE, P.E. and Mimi S. Hourani
YEAR OF PUBLISHED : June 2014

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Introduction
• In this paper Ground modification is done to improve strength, reduce volume change, and or
alter the hydraulic characteristics of soil.
•Chemical additives used in this process typically bind particles together (e.g., resins, polymers,
cement) and/or react to change the prevailing physicochemical force balance (e.g., ion exchange
reactions). organic modification that uses organo silanes (OS) to covalently bond with soil
particles has been introduced.

Objective
•To evaluate the influence of OS modification on the compaction, strength, swell, erosive and
hydraulic properties of several soils.

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Methodology
• First, the influence of OS on laboratory measurements of compaction, strength, swelling and
hydraulic conductivity was evaluated for local Piedmont residual soil (PRS). Separately, a field
trial was conducted to evaluate the potential for OS use in erosion control, also for a local PRS.
• Two bulk disturbed samples of a local PRS are collected and visually classified as a red-brown
elastic silt and a brown micaceous silt. For this work, a grain-size distribution and plasticity index
were not determined.
•Treated and untreated samples were tested for both soils for moisture-density relationships and
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) while the elastic silt was also evaluated for hydraulic conductivity.

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Results
Soil OMC* MDD** K20 *** CBR**** Swell
(%) (kN/m3) (cm/s) (%)

@2.5 mm @5.0 mm @ 4.5 kg

surcharge
during
CBR soak
Elastic silt
29.2 14.0 1.5 x 10-6 13.0 10.3 0.4
(Untreated)
Elastic silt
28.4 14.2 3.9 x 10-7 17.0 13.2 0.6
(OS Treated)
Micaceous silt
17.1 16.8 Not tested 0.9 1.4 6.5
(Untreated)
Micaceous silt
18.8 16.2 Not tested 5.4 6.5 0.8
(OS Treated)
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Conclusion
• OS modification represents another approach to soil improvement, with possible increases in
strength and reductions in swell potential and hydraulic conductivity.
• In particular, the hydraulic conductivity, as measured with a negative pressure of -0.5 cm, was
reduced from 2.8 x 10-4 cm/s to 0 cm/s, upon treatment with OS.
•Likewise use of OS on a 2H:1V slope reduced the mass of eroded soil by a factor of nearly 50. For
all of these observations, water repellency is a mechanism which would explain such
improvements.
•These results suggest that OS modification may find considerable use in geotechnical and
geoenvironmental engineering.

Research gap
•Further research is also done with the CBR test for shocked and unshocked with 4,7 days of
curing.

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 Paper 5
Improvement of Strength of Expansive soil with waste Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag

JOURNAL : Journal of Geotechnical And Geoenvironmental Engineering ©ASCE

AUTHORS : Anil Kumar Sharmaand P.V. Sivapullaiah
YEAR OF PUBLISHED : March 2015

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Introduction
• The study was conducted to investigate to use of disposal of industrials wastes like Fly ash,
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to improve the strength of expansive soil.
• There is a great need to utilize these wastes in a beneficial way.
•The addition of industrial products like fly ash, GGBS along with lime produces a high
concentration of calcium ions in the double layer around the clay particles, hence decreasing the
attraction of water.

Objective
•Main objective is to evaluate the compaction, strength and stiffness characteristics of the GGBS
stabilized soils, particularly for expansive soil.

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Methodology
•First the BC soil was obtained from Belgaum district of Karnataka state, India. It is an expansive
soil which contains montmorillonite as the major mineral.
•Soil has been collected from a depth of 1 m below the natural ground level by open excavation.
The soil was dried and sieved through 425 micron IS sieve before its use.
• The physical properties of BC soil and GGBS is find out.
•Black cotton soil alone, GGBS alone and mixtures of soil and GGBS in weight proportions of 9:1,
4:1. 7:3, 3:2, 1:1. 2:3, 3:7, 1:4 and 1:9 are compacted to their optimum conditions and cured for
7, 14 and 28 days and their unconfined compressive strength were determined.

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Results
Materials Materi
Properties als
BC soil GGBS Constituent
BC soil GGBS
Specific gravity 2.61 2.83
Liquid limit (%) 76 31.5
Clay content (%) 69 0.70
Plastic limit (%) 35 NP
Plasticity index (%) 41 NP
Silt content (%) 27 23.0
Shrinkage limit (%) 10 34
Free swell index (cm³/g) 4.22 0 Fine sand content 4 76.3
OMC (%) 32 26 (%)
MDD (kN/m³) 13.57 12.75

Table 1. Physical properties of BC soil and GGBS Table 2. Particle size distribution

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Conti….
•Both OMC and MDD decrease almost continuously with increase in the GGBS content with some
perturbations. The perturbation for OMC occur with GGBS contents of 70% and 90 % and for
MDD with GGBS contents of about 20% and 50%.
•The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of BC soil (Fig.4) increases with the addition of small
amount of GGBS up to about 10% GGBS and remains constant up about 40% and thereafter
decreases with further increase in GGBS content.
• Initial tangent modulus of the specimens increased with the increase in the GGBS content up to
20%. Beyond this content a marginal decrease in the initial tangent modulus value was observed
with further increment in the modulus value.

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Conclusions
•Both optimum moisture content and maximum dry density decreased with the addition of GGBS
to the BC soil. This is due to predominant effects of reduced clay content and increased frictional
resisting respectively.
•The strength increased with the addition of GGBS upto 20% for the curing periods of 7 and 14
days, and up to 40% for the curing period of 28 days. Further addition of GGBS decreases the
strength of soil-GGBS mixture.
•The improvement in initial tangent modulus with GGBS content is very high up to 20% of GGBS
addition but beyond this content the change is very small.

Research gap
•Further research is also done with the CBR test for shocked and unshocked with 4,7 days of
curing.

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THANK YOU…..

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