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INTRODUCTION
Major considerations in Electrical Machine
Design - Electrical Engineering Materials-
Space factor - Choice of Specific Electrical
and Magnetic loadings -Thermal
considerations - Heat flow -Temperature rise
- Rating of machines -Standard
specifications.
Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design
• (i) Saturation.
• (ii) Temperature rise.
• (iii) Insulation.
• (iv) Efficiency.
• (v) Mechanical parts.
• (vi) Commutation.
• (vii) Power factor.
• (viii) Consumer specifications (ix) Standard specifications.
• SATURATION:
• The maximum allowable flux density is to be determined by the
Saturation level of the ferromagnetic material.
• TEMPERATURE RISE:
• Life of the machine depends on the type of insulating material used.
• Life of the insulating material in turn depends upon the temperature
rise of the machine .
• Proper cooling and ventilation techniques are required to keep the
temperature rise within safe limits.
• INSULATION:
• The insulating material should withstand electrical, mechanical and
thermal stresses produced in the machine.
• The size of the insulation is not only decided by the maximum
voltage stress but also by the mechanical stresses produced.
• Eg. For the same operating voltage thicker insulation has to be used
for large sized conductors than for smaller sized ones.
• EFFICIENCY:
• Should be as high as possible to reduce the operating cost.
• Magnetic and electric loadings used should be small and this
requires large amount of material.
• So the capital cost of a machine designed for high efficiency is high
while its running cost is low.
• MECHANICAL PARTS: Construction of a machine should satisfy
numerous technological requirements.
• In I.M – length of air gap is small in order to have high p.f.
• In large machines, size of the shaft is decided by considering the
critical speed, which depends upon the deflection of the shaft.
• Type of bearings to be used depends on the inertia forces due to
unbalanced rotors and unbalanced magnetic pull, and the type of
construction whether the machine is mounted vertically or
horizontally.
• COMMUTATION: Commutation conditions limits the maximum
output of the machine.
• POWER FACTOR: Poor P.F results in larger values of current for the
same power, therefore larger conductor sizes have to be used.
• Problem of P.F is particularly important in case if I.M.
• Length of air gap is determined by P.F considerations.
• Value of flux density depends on the power factor, hence P.F
becomes a limiting factor.
• CONSUMER’S SPECIFICATIONS:
• Specifications laid down in the consumer’s order has to be met.
Design evolved should also satisfy the economical constraints
imposed on the manufacturer.
• STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:
• Specifications are the biggest strain on the design, since both the
consumer as well as the manufacturer cannot get away from them
without satisfying them.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
𝑍
Zs = Z – Total number of conductor
𝑆
s- total no slots
If slot pitch is Ys , then area of cooling surface = Ys L
• Loss dissipated per unit area of armature surface is given by
loss Q
Q= = ---------1
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑆
I2z x 𝜌aLx zs I 2 z𝜌 z s
= z =
Ys L Ysaz
Iz Iz zs
= x( ) x𝜌
az Ys
θ1− θ2
• Qcon= --------1
𝑅θ
• Where Qcon is heat dissipated by conduction,w