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Suzanne Vogel
COMP 259
Spring, 2002
Definition of FEM
8 7
5 6
4 u 3
1 2
Elements and Interpolations
u
Example: Hermite as 1D Cubic
Interpolation Equation
2. Normalize the element to [0,1] and rewrite
r (u) au 3 bu 2 cu d as a matrix equation
0 0 0 1
r1 u3
1
2
u
1 u1 1 a 1 1 1 a
r 3 2 1 b
2 u u u2 1 b
27
2 2
9 3
r3 u3 2
u u3 1 c 8 4 2
1 c
27 d
3 3
27 27
r4 u 1 d
3 2
u u4
4 4
1 1 1 1
or R0 U 0 Q
Example: Hermite as 1D Cubic
Interpolation Equation
3. Solve for the coefficients Q
1
R0 U 0 Q Q U 0 R0 M H R0
4. Plug the coefficients into the cubic equation
r (u) au 3 bu 2 cu d
5. Rewrite the cubic equation in the form
r (u) N1 (u) r1 N 2 (u) r2 N3 (u) r3 N 4 (u) r4
Example: Hermite as 1D Cubic
Interpolation Equation
4 + 5. are equivalent to the steps
r (u ) U Q U ( M H R0 ) (U 0 M H ) R0
r1
r
r (u ) N1 (u ) N 2 (u ) N 3 (u ) N 4 (u ) 2
r3
shape (blending) functions
r4
values at the 4 nodes of the element
Example: Hermite as 1D Cubic
Interpolation Equation
u
1
U0
1D Elements
(x) (x)
Example: bungee
(x)
2D Elements
(x,y)
(x,y)
Example: cloth
(x,y)
3D Elements
(x,y,z)
(x,y,z)
Example: skin
Static vs. Dynamic FEM
Static analysis is good for engineering, to find
just the end result.
Object
Example of Static, Elastic FEM
Ei , j
i L k i , j L k i , j (ri r j L0 ) k i , j (ri r j ) k i , j L0
L0
stress (elastic force)
j i k i , j (ri r j ) k i , j L0
Example of Static, Elastic FEM
Next step. Set up a local (element) stiffness matrix.
i k i , j (ri r j ) k i , j L0
j k i , j (ri r j ) k i , j L0 element stiffness matrix
nodal coordinates
nodal stresses
i k i , j k i , j ri k i , j L0
Rewrite the k k
r k L
j i, j i, j j i, j 0
above as a
i k i , j L0 k i , j k i , j ri
matrix equation.
j k i , j L0 k i , j k i , j r j
Same for the j k j , j 1 L0 k j , j 1 k j , j 1 r j
adjacent element. j 1 k j , j 1 L0 k j , j 1 k j , j 1 r j 1
Example of Static, Elastic FEM
Now, all of the element stiffness matrices are as
follows. r is the x-coordinate of node u
i i
1 2 3 4
n1 n2 n3 n4 n5
Example of Static, Elastic FEM
Next step. Set up a global stiffness matrix.
Elasticity
•Springs, rubber, elastic, with small, slowly-
applied forces
Examples of Inelasticity
Inelasticity
•Viscoelasticity
•Silly putty bounces under transient force (but
flows like fluid under steady force)
•Plasticity
•Taffy pulls apart much more easily under
more force (material prop.)
•Fracture
•Lever fractures under heavy load
Linear and Nonlinear FEM
Similarly to elasticity vs. inelasticity, there are
conditions for linear vs. nonlinear deformation.
Often these coincide, as in elastoplastic.
L
Ee : e
L0
=e
Elastic vs. Inelastic FEM
Elastic Deformation
e loading unloading
e t
Hooke’s Law
stress
or Ee : e L strain
f a0e L0
Young’s modulus
•Describes spring without damping
•Linear range of preceding stress vs. strain graph
Elastic vs. Inelastic FEM
Damped Elastic Deformation
e loading unloading
. .
a1e a1e
e t
Rate of deformation is constant.
f a1 e a0e
viscous linear stress
Elastic vs. Inelastic FEM
Viscoelastic Deformation depends on time t
e loading unloading
.
e t
Rate of deformation is greatest
This graph is actually viscous, immediately after starting
but viscoelastic is probably similar loading or unloading.
b2f b1 f b0
f a2 e a1 e a0 e
new term! viscous linear stress
Elastic vs. Inelastic FEM
Elastoplastic Deformation depends on force f
e
This graph is actually plastic,
but viscoelastic is probably similar
f x
loading x
loading
compare
f a0e e
unloading
x
e
Elastic vs. Inelastic FEM
Fracture depends on force f
x
loading
e
unloading
x
Elastic vs. Inelastic
1. World FEM4,5
coordinates w
in inertial frame
(a frame with ref
object, or
constant velocity) r non-inertial
frame
2. Object
(material)
world, or
coordinates r inertial frame
in non-inertial origin of
= center of mass in
frame
r(w,t) = rref(w,t) + e(w,t)
Elastic vs. Inelastic
FEM4,5
Transform
•reference ref
component rref r
•elastic component e
•object frame
w.r.t. world frame
( / L0 ) E e
f ( w, t ) w w
w w w L0 w
mass density damping density
Elastic vs. Inelastic
Given:
Mass density and damping density FEM
are known.
4,5
matrices
are known.
Unknown:
vector
e 2e 3e
r , , 2 , 3 ,...dr
r r r
Elastic vs. Inelastic
FEM
Elastic potential energy density can be 4,5
approximated using one of various equations
which incorporate material properties.
(r ) || G G || || B B ||
0 2 0 2
(r ) || G G || || B B ||
0 2 0 2
p mj m! m
1m j1 j 2 w j
e
e m0 | j| m r r ...r
jd j1! j 2 !... j d ! j r j1r j 2 ...r jd
Example: p = 2, d = 3
0! 1! 1!
w00 e
e 0!0! r1 1!0! w10 r e r 0!1! w01 r e
1 2 2
2 2! 2 2 2! 2 2 2! 2
w11 e 2 w20 2 e 2 w02 2 e
r1 r2 1!1! r1 r2 r1 2!0! r1 r2 0!2! r2
Elastic vs. Inelastic
Recap Lagrange’s Eq’n
total force f ( w, t ) w w
w
FEM 4,5 How it has been
(includes stress)
expanded and is continuing
to be expanded...
elastic
e 2 e 2 e
potential energy r , , 2 , 2 ,...dr
Elastic
u
r r r
4
(r ) || G G 0 ||2 || B B 0 || 2 5
Inelastic
material properties 2
elastic potential 1 p
m! m
e
j
energy density wj
2 m0 | j|m j1! j 2 !... j d ! r j1r j 2 ...r jd
5
p j m
m ! m
1 j1 j 2
m w j j1 j 2
j
e
e m0 r r ...r jd j1! j 2 !... j d ! r r ...r jd
| j| m
Elastic FEM4
Continuing
f ( w, t ) w w
w
e 2 e 2 e
r , , 2 , 2 ,...dr (r ) || G G 0 ||2 || B B 0 || 2
u
r r r
(r ) G G 0 2
i, j B B dr
0 2
elastic
potential
i, j
energy i , j 1, 2
e 2 e 2 e
r , , 2 , 2 ,...dr
elastic potential
energy density
u
r r r
p mj m! m
1m j1 j 2 w j
e
e m0 | j| m r r ...r
jd j1! j 2 !... j d ! j r j1r j 2 ...r jd
strain
d d and rigid
f ( I ) r e .dr r w .dr
rot dt dt bodies
d
f (t ) ( e) c ( r ) 2 e r w
e
elastic dt e
f ( w, t ) w w Inelastic FEM5
w
Velocity of node of object (non-inertial) frame
w.r.t. world (inertial) frame (radians / sec) x (radius)
w(r , t ) c(t ) (t ) c(t ) e(r , t )
w.r.t. world
(t )
c (t )
w(r , t ) Identically, in another
coordinate system,
e(t ) r(w,t) = rref(w,t) + e(w,t)
w.r.t. object
f ( w, t ) w w Inelastic FEM5
w
d d
f ( I ) r e .dr r w .dr
rot dt dt
angular momentum
d d
f ( I ) r e .dr r w .dr
rot dt dt
r (t )
e(t )
f ( w, t ) w w Inelastic FEM5
w
d
f e (t ) ( e) c ( r ) 2 e r w
elastic dt e
inertial centripetal Coriolis transverse damping restoring
dt e
And elastic behavior is characterized by
constant velocity of strain.
loading x
f (t )
e
e
f a0e
e
Elastic vs. Inelastic
Now Lagrange’s equation has beenFEM
expanded.
4,5
f ( w, t ) w w
w
Final Steps
•Discretize using finite differences (rather than
derivatives).
•Write as a matrix times a vector of nodal
coordinates (rather than a single mass point).
•Solve for the object’s new set of positions of
all nodes.
Discretization of FEM4,5
Discretize Lagrange’s equation over all nodes
f ( w, t ) w w
w
f (t ) M w C w
w
r object _ coordinates
w world _ coordinates
e strain _( stretch)
stress _( force)
E Young ' s _ mod ulus
elastic _ potential _ energy
elastic _ potential _ energy _ density