SQL – ERD Homework

Entity-Relationship model
What is the meaning of “Cardinality” ?
• On an ER Diagram, Cardinality notations
define the attributes of the relationship
between entities in terms of numbers.
• http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-diagram
 Explain the different type of
cardinalities
• There are three main cardinal relationships:

• One-to-one (1:1). For example, if each customer in a

database is associated with one mailing address.
• One-to-many (1:M). For example, a single customer
might place an order for multiple products. The customer is
associated with multiple entities, but all those entities have
a single connection back to the same customer.
• Many-to-many (M:N). For example, at a company where
all call center agents work with multiple customers, each
agent is associated with multiple customers, and multiple
customers might also be associated with multiple agents.
• http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-diagram
 Examples
https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/ER-diagram-symbols-and-meaning
 Define Composite Attribute
• An attribute can be simple or composite. If we
consider the name in two parts, last name and
first name, then the name attribute is a
composite. https://wofford-
ecs.org/DataAndVisualization/ermodel/material.htm

• Composite attributes are further divided in a tree

like structure. Every node is then connected to its
attribute. That is, composite attributes are
represented by ellipses that are connected with
an ellipse.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dbms/er_diagram_representation.htm
Composite Attribute Continued
 Define Weak Entity
• Weak entities depend on some other entity
type. They don't possess unique attributes
(also known as a primary key) and have no
meaning in the diagram without depending on
another entity. This other entity is known as
the owner.
• https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/ER-diagram-symbols-and-meaning
 Define Primary Key
• The primary key is an attribute or a set of attributes that
uniquely identify a specific instance of an entity. Every
entity in the data model must have a primary key whose
values uniquely identify instances of the entity.
• To qualify as a primary key for an entity, an attribute must
have the following properties:
• It must have a non-null value for each instance of the entity
• The value must be unique for each instance of an entity
• The values must not change or become null during the life
of each entity instance.
http://condor.depaul.edu/gandrus/240IT/accesspages/primary-foreign-keys.htm
 Define Foreign Key
• Foreign key: term used in relational databases
(but not in the E-R model) for an attribute that is
the primary key of another table and is used to
establish a relationship with that table where it
appears as an attribute also.
• So a foreign key value occurs in the table and
again in the other table. This conflicts with the
idea that a value is stored only once; the idea
that a fact is stored once is not undermined.
http://jcsites.juniata.edu/faculty/rhodes/dbms/ermodel
Define Foreign Key
 What is the Relational Schema?
Provide example
• A relational database schema is the tables, columns
and relationships that make up a relational database.
A schema is often depicted visually in modeling
software such as ERwin or drawing software such as
Viso. https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-is-relational-database-schema
• http://www.service-architecture.com/articles/object-relational-
mapping/relational_schema_for_example.html
What is Entity Relational Diagram?

• An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a

graphical representation of an information
system that shows the relationship between
people, objects, places, concepts or events within
that system. An ERD is a data modeling technique
that can help define business processes and can
be used as the foundation for a relational
database. http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-
diagram
Entity Relational Diagram example
 What is Star Schema?
• In data warehousing and business intelligence
(BI), a star schema is the simplest form of a
dimensional model, in which data is organized
into facts and dimensions. A fact is an event that
is counted or measured, such as a sale or login. A
dimension contains reference information about
the fact, such as date, product, or customer. A
star schema is diagramed by surrounding each
fact with its associated dimensions. The resulting
diagram resembles a
star. http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/star-schema
Star Schema example
 Tarea #2
• https://www.codecademy.com/articles/sql-commands?r=master
 Statement #1: SELECT
• SELECT statements are used to fetch data from
a database. Every query will begin with
SELECT.
 Statement #2: SELECT DISTINCT
• SELECT DISTINCT specifies that the statement
is going to be a query that returns unique
values in the specified column(s).
 Statement #3: CREATE TABLE
• The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create
a new table in a database.
https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_create_table.asp
 Statement #4: DELETE
• DELETE statements are used to remove rows
from a table.
 Statement #5: INSERT
• INSERT statements are used to add a new row
to a table.
 Clause 1: GROUP BY
• It is only used with aggregate functions. It is
used in collaboration with the SELECT
statement to arrange identical data into
groups.
 Clause 2: LIKE
• LIKE is a special operator used with the
WHERE clause to search for a specific pattern
in a column.
 Clause 3: LIMIT
• LIMIT is a clause that lets you specify the
maximum number of rows the result set will
have.
 Clause 4: ORDER BY
• ORDER BY is a clause that indicates you want
to sort the result set by a particular column
either alphabetically or numerically.
 Clause 5: WHERE
• WHERE is a clause that indicates you want to
filter the result set to include only rows where
the following condition is true.