1

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
‫‪2‬‬

‫پدیده های مخرب در شیرهای کنترل و راه کارهای مقابله با انها‬

‫ارائه دهنده‪ :‬روح اله کرد‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ایمیل‪rohollah.kord@yahoo.com :‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com‬‬
3

 Cavitation
 Flashing
 Chocked flow
 Noise
 Severe services treatments

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Server services
4

 Cavitation
 Flashing
 Chocked flow
 Noise

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Vena contracta

 Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and fluid
velocity is at its maximum, It is a place where the cross section area is minimum

Pvc

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Pressure recovery factor (FL)

 Downstream of the vena contracta the fluid decelerates and consequently the pressure
increases or recover. Different valve types exhibit different recovery factors.

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Pressure recovery factor (FL)

Low recovery High recovery valves

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Normal condition

 Pvc > Pv
 P2 > Pv

Pv

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 High recovery valves are proven to cavitation

Pv

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
10

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Cavitation

11

 Cavitation is a two stage process consisting of formation of vapor bubbles when the pressure
of the liquid falls below vapor pressure and the collapsing of the bubbles (Cavities) when the
pressure recovers above the vapor pressure.
 Pvc < Pv
 P2 > Pv
 Outlet: liquid

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Cavitation evidences

12

 1) Noise
 2)Vibration
400 km/h
 3) Material damage
100000psi

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Cavitation solutions
13

 Process control

 Piping design

 Staging pressure drop(anti cavitation trim)

 Using Hard material

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Flashing

14

 Flashing occurs in the liquid flow when the internal pressure of the liquid falls below the
vapor pressure and remains below it
 P2 < Pv
 Pvc < Pv
 Outlet: liquid+ vapor

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Chocked flow

15

 The severity of the cavitation damage increases as the pressure drop across the valve
increases and more liquid is flashed to vapor at the vena contracta. If the pressure drop across
the valve is high enough, the flow passage at the vena contracta becomes fully occupied by
vapor and choked flow occurs

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Choked flow
16

 Choked flow is a limiting condition where the mass flow will not increase with a further
decrease in the downstream pressure environment while upstream pressure is fixed. Note that
the limited parameter is velocity, and thus mass flow can be increased with increased upstream
pressure (increased fluid density).

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Noise
17

 ∆p/(p1 absolute)>0.5 noise

 Acceptable velocity limits
 Liquid Service < 8m/s
 Gas < 0.33Mach (110m/s)

 Acceptable noise level < 85db @ 1m

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Sources of noise
18

1.Mechanical Vibration
2.Aerodynamic Noise
3.Hydrodynamic Noise

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
19

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Noise treatment
20

 Path treatments

 Source treatments

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Source treatments

21

 Special trim

 Larger valve size

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Path treatments

22

 Insulation ( each inch reduce 4-5 db)

 Increasing of downstream pipe schedule
 Diffuser
 silencer

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
 Path treatments

23

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
24

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com
25

Rohollah.kord@yahoo.com