NANNOFOSIL GAMPINGAN

Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay and Mohler

CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS
 Nannoplankton

Calcareous nannoplankton are a very small form of algae belonging to the

Phylum Haptophyta. They make up a significant portion of the microplanktic
communities living in the oceans of our world and are important because of their
value as primary producers in the food chain.

Calcareous nannofossils are the preserved, fossilized remains of haptophytes.

They too compose a significant fraction of the many sedimentary rocks that once
accumulated in the ancient seas covering our planet.

The oldest known coccoliths belong to a geologic period known as the Triassic.
These coccoliths lived some 200 million years ago. Thus, while great dinosaurs
walked the Earth during the Late Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous, these small
algae floated about the ancient seas. To understand the relative age of
sedimentary rocks, geoscientists can use nannofossils to correlate strata of similar
age or vertically stack beds of differing ages.

Nannofossils are useful for these types of correlations in strata ranging in age from
the Late Triassic to the Late Pleistocene. For help with geologic time, see the scale
of Harland et al., 1990.
Application to Earth Science Research
Biostratigraphy - Calcareous nannofossils are the most useful age indicator for marine sediments
from the Jurassic (205 million years) to the Recent because of their rapid rate of evolution and wide
geographic distribution. The first appearance datums (FAD's) and last appearance datums (LAD's) for
calareous nannofossil species usually occur at the same horizon globally and often can date sediments to
accuracies of one million years or less. Accurate dating of sedimentary deposits has many proctical
applications. For example, calcareos nannofossils have been used succuesfully to help map both the
surface and subsurface geographic extent of lithologic units, particulary in regions with complex facies
patterns like New Jersey and Alabama. They also are used in regional geologic studies to correlate time-
equivalent but lithologically distinct deposits form state to state and region to region.

Paleoceanography, Paleobiogeography, and Paleoecology - Calcareous

nannofossils can be used to help determine the temperature and current patterns of ancient
oceans.

Forensic, Art, and History Studies - Calcareous nannofossils have been used in forensic
studies. For example, clay scraped from the shoes of a murder suspect in England contained calcareous
nannofossil species that were unique enough to lead the police to the scene of the crime. Calcareous
nannofossils have been used to determine the origin of building stones for Medieval churches in Denmark
and to check authenticity of paintings. In Norway, which has no native chalk, calcareous nannofossils
were used to determine the origin of white chalk that was used to prepare the surfaces of Medieval
wooden sculptures and panels before painting. The pattern and changes through time of the chalk
trading routes probably can be used to interpret general trading patterns in northern Europe at the same
time.
 Micro-Sized

The term "nanno" is derived from the Greek word nanos meaning dwarf.
Because nannofossils are so small (1/2 to 20 microns), a very powerful
microscope is required to view them.

The electron microscope allows the viewer to see the individual elements
contributing to the structure of these small fossils and how they are actually
constructed.

A light microscope allows the viewer to identify nannofossils by their unique

optical properties. The specimens you will see in the links described as the
Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Gulf of Mexico Rooms, were originally photographed
with a light microscope at magnifications slightly over 1000 times.

These light or petrographic microscopes are equipped with special filters

which produce polarized light and make nannofossils bright to our eyes. This
brightness or birefringence and the resulting interference pattern is unique to
each nannofossil species.
Example of a coccolith as seen in polarized
light, normal light and phase contrast
(another type of special illumination used to
highlight particular fetatures of coccoliths)
Nannofosil Gampingan :

• KELOMPOK MIKROFOSIL
MARIN YANG
BERUKURAN SANGAT
KECIL (2 - 25 m) YANG
DIDUGA BERASAL DARI
COCCOLITHOPHORE
I. SEJARAH PENELITIAN NANNOFOSIL
1836; EHRENBERG

sedimen gampingan di
P. Rugen,
•‘calcareous crystal-
disc’
•inorganic origin
1858; T.H. HUXLEY

sedimen dasar laut

Atlantik

•‘crystalloides’
•inorganic origin
1861; G.C. Wallich & H.C. Sorby

‘coccoliths’,
merupakan
bagian dari
↓
COCCOSPHERE
G.C. WALLICH :
Coccosphere  ‘juvenile
of foraminifera’

H.C. SORBY :

Coccosphere 
‘foraminifera’
1865
Living coccosphere :

• dijumpai adanya ‘living

coccosphere’ pada lautan
tropis di Samudra India
dan Atlantik

Coccolithophores

Organic origin
Nannofosil/Materials Organic
1891
H.M.S. CHALLENGER Expedition :
• mikrofauna & mikroflora sedimen dasar laut
 nannoplankton

Akhir abad 19
• NANNOPLANKTON merupakan bagian dari
rantai makanan yang terpenting di lautan

• Penelitian NANNOPLANKTON semakin

berkembang
 1930
• Pusat Penelitian ‘Living Coccosphere’ di Eropah
 physiology & life cycle of Coccolithophores

1954 : M.N. Bramlette & W.R. Riedel

• penggunaan nannofosil dalam biostratigrafi

Akhir 1960 : W.H. Hay & M.N. Bramlette

• Biozonasi nannoplankton
II. PENGENALAN
NANNOFOSIL
MORFOLOGI NANNOFOSIL

• Nannofosil
Gampingan :
KELOMPOK MIKROFOSIL
MARIN YANG
BERUKURAN SANGAT
KECIL (2 - 25 m) YANG
DIDUGA BERASAL
COCCOLITHOPHORE
COCCOLITHOPHORE :
1. Organisme bersel tunggal, fotosintetik,
termasuk golongan algae marin dari Divisi
Chrysophyta/ Haptophyta, Kelas
Coccolithophyceae

2. Organisme yang mampu menghasilkan

lempeng-lempeng gampingan yang bertaut
satu dengan lainnya, membentuk struktur
kerangka bulat/silindris yang melingkupi
seluruh atau sebagian dari selnya dan
disebut sebagai Coccosphere.
Makhluk Hidup
 Vacuoles
PROFIL Coccolithophore
•berukuran 5 m hingga
lebih dari 100 m

•berbentuk bulat atau

oval (bulat telur) atau
silindris
Cytoplasma

•beberapa
Membran
coccolithophore memiliki
vacuole
kaki ketiga yang disebut
Chloroplast
sebagai haptonema
Nucleous
•memiliki sepasang
Flagella
flagela dalam salah satu
tahapan hidupnya
 Vacuoles
PROFIL Coccolithophore

•Inti sel / nuclei

•Chloroplast

Cytoplasma •Mitochondria
Membran
•Rongga / vacuola
Chloroplast vacuole
•Cytoplasma
Nucleous

•Membran
Flagella
PROFIL Coccolithopore :

• Aparat Golgi 
cetakan/sablon zat
organik
• pembentuk lempeng
kalsit  Coccolith
• didorong keluar 
menutup membran

Coccosphere
COCCOLITHOPHORE :
1. Organisme bersel tunggal, fotosintetik,
termasuk golongan algae marin dari Divisi
Chrysophyta/ Haptophyta, Kelas
Coccolithophyceae

2. Organisme yang mampu menghasilkan

lempeng-lempeng gampingan yang bertaut
satu dengan lainnya, membentuk struktur
kerangka bulat/silindris yang melingkupi
seluruh atau sebagian dari selnya dan
disebut sebagai Coccosphere.
Coccosphere :

• Sel induk yang

sebagian / seluruh
membrannya telah
terselubungi oleh
pelat-pelat
gamping.
Coccosphere
COCCOSPHERE

Dapat berbentuk bola,

silindris / batang dsb.
SPHENOSPHERE BRAARUDOSPHERE
Coccosphere ↔ Coccolith
Coccosphere yang telah
mati ataupun terkena
abrasi, dapat terpecah
(desintegrasi) sehingga
lempeng-lempeng
gampingannya menjadi
individu-individu
tersendiri yang disebut
sebagai Coccolith,
teronggok pada dasar
laut membentuk
sedimen karbonat 
NANNOFOSIL
 Bentuk Nannofosil

(Pada pengamatan dgn mikroskop polarisasi)

 Bentuk Nannofosil

Pada pengamatan dgn mikroskop scanning/SEM)

 Bentuk Nannfosil

Pada pengamatan dgn mikroskop scanning/SEM)

DIMORPHISME

1 coccolithophore
yang sama dapat
membentuk
coccosphere
dengan bentuk
coccolith yang
berbeda
Dimorphisme
Dimorphisme
FUNGSI COCCOLITH
Bagi organisme & Manusia :
• 1. Sebagai pelindung (proteksi)
– pelindung dari abrasi
– pelindung dari predasi
– pelindung dari cernaan pemangsa/predator

• 2. Sebagai alat pengambang

• 3. Sebagai alat pemantul cahaya matahari

• 4. Sebagai alat pengumpul cahaya matahari

• 5. Sebagai motif hiasan

 Toshi and his
Braarudosphaera bigelowii
gate

Toshi’s stained-glass forams

Discoaster gemmifer fountain

Stacia and
Discoaster minutus
gate
Coccolith paintings
Coccolith paintings
Bentuk Nannofosil
BENTUK DASAR NANNOFOSIL
• COCCOLITH :
Lingkaran – cincin – oval – bulat
• NON-COCCOLITH :
Batang – bintang – bunga – tapal kuda
dst.
• ANEKA RUPA
BENTUK NANNOFOSIL :
• PLACOLITH
• DISCOLITH
• LOPADOLITH
• ASTEROLITH
• SPHENOLITH
• SCAPHOLITH
• NANNOCONID
• dst.
BENTUK NANNOFOSIL
A. Coccolithophores and related nannoliths :
1. Arkangelskiellids Fam. Arkangelskiellaceae (Mesozoik)
2. Coccolithids Fam. Coccolithaceae (Meso-Kenozoik)
Fam. Prinsiaceae (Kenozoik)
Fam. Helicospharaceae (Kenozoik)
3. Podorhabdids Fam. Rhobdoceae (Mesozoic)
4. Ponthosphaerids Fam. Ponthosphaeraceae (Kenozoik)
5. Rhabdosphaerids Fam. Rhabdosphaeraceae (Kenozoik)
6. Stephanolithids Fam. Stephanolithionaceae (Mesoz)
7. Syracosphaerids Fam. Syracosphaeraceae(Kenozoik)
8. Zygodiscids Fam. Eiffelithaceae (Mesozoik)
Fam. Zygodiscaceae (Kenozoik)
 Neogene coccoliths

N
E
O C fenestratus C floridanus C floridanus

G
E
N C macintyrei C miopelagicus C nitescens

C C premacintyrei H ampliaperta H sellii

O
C
C
O
L H stalis S intermedia S pulcherrima

I
T
H
P lacunosa P ovata R pseudoumbilicus
P Palaeogene nannofossils
A
L
E
O
G
E
N Ci acanthodes Ch consuetus Ch danicus

C
O
C Ca dela Ca eodela C pelagicus

C
O
L
I
T
H E distichus H lophota R inflata
 Cretarhabdus aff. C. loriei CRETACEOUS
NANNOFOSSILS

Demopolis Chalk, Old Town Creek, Tupelo, Lee County, Mississippi, USA
Age: Campanian
Light Source: Polarized (left), Transmitted (center), Phase Contrast (right) C synquadriperforatus E eximius E parallelus

Eiffelithales

E paragogus E eximius G pomerolii

A brooksii C fessus C garrisonii

P porosa R angustus R anthophorus

A brooksii C fessus A octoradiata

R anthophorus R levis R sisyphus

A snyderi C interruptus C oblongata

R fisheri T macleodae R sisyphus

 CRETACEOUS
Arkhangellskiales NANNOFOSSILS
Podorhabdales

B dentata B furtiva B orthocancellata

A dietzmanii B candens B candens

B dentata B furtiva B staytonae A biramiculatus Bidiscus sp C aff loriei

A p constrictus A aff p constrictus A p parcus

C aff loriei C lateralis C circula

A p constrictus A specillata A specillata C loriei C ehrenbergii C venata

G costatum G porolatum G zipperum

D ignotus D noeliae D noeliae

 Holococcoliths

CRETACEOUS
NANNOFOSSILS
A scotus A scotus C obscurus

C ovalis L cayeuxii L windii

Watznaueriales & inc. sed. placoliths

D porosuturalis L cayeuxii L windii

C redimiculatus M pemmatoidea W biporta

L maleformis M mercurius P venata

R parvidentatum C margerelii W barnesae

P venata
BENTUK NANNOFOSIL
B. Non-Coccolithophores nannoliths :
1. Braarudospherids Fam. Braarudospharaceae (Meso-
2. Ceratolithids Kenoz)
3. Discoasterids Fam. Ceratolithaceae (Kenozoik)
4. Fasciculithids Fam. Discoasteraceae (Kenozoik)
5. Heliolithids Fam. Fasciculithaceae (Kenozoik)
6. Lithastrinids Fam. Heliolithaceae (Kenozoik)
7. Lithostromationids Fam. Lithastrinaceae (Mesozoik)
8. Spenolithids Fam. Lithostromationaceae
9. Thoracosphaerids (Kenozoik)
Fam. Spenolithaceae (Kenozoik)
Fam. Thoracosphaeraceae (Meso-
Kenozoik)
 Neogene discoasters

N
E C calyculus C coalitus C coalitus1
O
G
E
N C mexicanus D triradiatus D tamalis

C D asymmetricus D bergenii D aff bergenii

O
C D berggrenii D quinqueramus D pentaradiatus

C
O
L
D hamatus D bollii long D bollii short

I
T D brouweri D decorus D deflandrei
H
 Neogene nannoliths
N
E
O
G A delicatus A tricorniculatus C acutus

E
N
E C armatus C separatus M convallis

C
M convallis1 S abies S belemnos

O
C S ciperoensis S heteromorphus O serratus
C
O
L
T carinatus T extensus T farnsworthii
I
T
H
T rugosus
P Palaeogene nannofossils
A
L
E
O
G
E
N R inflata R morionum T gammation

C
O
C T tovae S distentus F involutus

C
O
L
I
T
H F tympaniformis B bigelowii M angulosus
 CRETACEOUS NANNOFOSSILS
Ceratolithina hamata hamata (Martini) Burnett 1997

Liliasterites angularis Svabenicka & Stradner 1984

DSPD Site 530A, Namibe Basin, Namibia

Age: Turonian
Light Source: Transmitted High Focus (left), Transmitted Low Focus (center), Gault Clay, Folkstone Area, Kent, England
Phase Contrast (right) Age: Albian
Light Source: Polarized

Acuturris scotus (Risatti) Wind & Wise 1977

Eprolithus eptapetalus Varol 1992

Tupelo Tongue of the Coffee Sand, U.S. Highway 78 Bypass, Tupelo, Lee County,
Jizera Formation, Kystra, Czech Republic Mississippi, USA
Age: Campanian
Age: Turonian Light Source: Polarized (left), Phase Contrast (right)
Light Source: Polarized
 CRETACEOUS
NANNOFOSSILS

V dentata V elliptica Z biperforatus

Non-imbricate muroliths

Z biperforatus Z stenopus Z wynnhayii

C biarcus C crassus C madagaskarensis

Z embergeri Z stenopus

C nudus C signum R octoradiatus

R rhombicum R rhombicum S fossilis

 Nannoliths
CRETACEOUS NANNOFOSSILS
Fasciculithus involutus Bramlette & Sullivan 1961

A terebrodentarius B africana B bigelowii

J.O.I.D.E.S. Core Hole 4, Blake Plateau, offshore Florida, USA

Age: Paleocene
SEM Magnification: Oblique Distal View, 10,000x; Distal View, 10,000x

M angulosus B hayii C aculeus

Discoaster megastypus (Bramlette & Sullivan) Perch-Nielsen 1985

C aculeus C verbeekii C hamata

J.O.I.D.E.S. Core Hole 4, Blake Plateau, offshore Florida, USA

C mexicana E eptapetalus E octopetalus Age: Paleocene
SEM Magnification: 10,000x
BENTUK NANNOFOSIL
C. Genera INCERTAE - SEDIS :

1. Isthmolithus (Kenozoik)
2. Microrhabdulus (Mesozoik)
3. Micula (Mesozoik)
4. Nannoconus (Mesozoik)
5. Triquetrorhabdulus (Kenozoik)
 CRETACEOUS NANNOFOSSILS
Nannoconnus steinmannii steinmannii Kamptner 1931 Metadoga mercurius Wind & Cepek 1979

Route D, de Angles, Southeast France

Age: Valanginian
Route D, de Angles, Southeast France Light Source: Polarized
Age: Valanginian
Light Source: Polarized (left), Transmitted (center), Phase (right)
Micula concava (Stradner) Verbeek 1996

Conusphaera mexicana mexicana Bown & Cooper 1988

Route D, de Angles, Southeast France

Age: Valanginian
Light Source: Polarized Demopolis Chalk, U.S. Highway 78 Bypass, Tupelo, Lee County, Mississippi, USA
Age: Campanian
Scanning Electron Micrograph: Magnification 8,400x
 TERTIARY NANNOFOSSILS

(Quinquerhabdus colossicus Bukry & Bramlette 1969) invalid

Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) Schiller 1930

J.O.I.D.E.S. Core Hole 6, Blake Plateau, offshore Florida, USA

Age: Oligocene
Light Source: Polarized

Lisbon Formation, Little Stave Creek, Alabama, USA

Age: Eocene
Light Source: Polarized
 TERTIARY NANNOFOSSILS

Discoaster multiradiatus Bramlette & Riedel 1954

J.O.I.D.E.S. Core Hole 4, Blake Plateau, offshore Florida, USA

Age: Paleocene Micrantholithus angulosus (Stradner) Stradner & Papp 1961
Light Source: Transmitted

Lisbon Formation, Little Stave Creek, Alabama, USA

Age: Eocene
Light Source: Polarized
 TERMINOLOGY
Nannoplankton plankton 2-63 µm in diameter. (Alternative spelling
nanoplankton, see appendix). Informal grouping including
coccolithophorids, Thoracosphaera, chrysophytes, etc.,
but excluding the bacterial picoplankton. {Lohmann 1909}

Calcareous nannoplankton with calcareous tests.{?Stradner 1961} Nannofossil or nanofossil? Nannoplankton or nanoplankton?
nannoplankton What do you mean nannofossil, nanometers are only 10-9m and your things
are far bigger than that? Also surely you have got the spelling wrong, it
Nannofossil fossil <63 µm in diameter, excluding fragments and
juveniles of larger fossils. should be nano- not nanno-, shouldn't it? This is a boringly common query.
The simple answer is that we have been talking about nannoplankton since
Calcareous nannofossil nannofossil formed of calcium carbonate. Lohmann (1909) coined the term whilst the use of nano- as a prefix for 10-9
dates from the 1940s. Both terms are derived from the greek word nanos,
Coccolithophore noun, calcareous nannoplankton belonging to the division meaning dwarf. Nano is closer to the greek spelling but nanno reflects better
Haptophyta {Lohmann 1902} the pronunciation, so neither is "correct". Almost all specialists in nannofossils
and most nannoplankton workers prefer the spelling 'nanno' and the
Coccolithophorid adjective, e.g. Coccolithophorid algae.
pronunciation with a short a. Also this does provide some indication that we
Coccosphere test of coccolithophore (not necessarily spherical). An are not dealing with nanometer-scale organisms. Most dictionaries reflect this
extracellular cover made up of numerous coccoliths. preference. So we reccomend use of nannofossil and nannoplankton, but
{Wallich 1860} would not condemn the use of nanofossil or nanoplankton.
Coccolith calcareous structure formed by coccolithophore. {Huxley
1868}

Haptophyte unicellular alga belonging to the division Haptophyta,

includes all coccolithophores, and also related non-
calcifying forms, e.g. Prymnesium, Phaeocystis, Pavlova,
Chrysochromulina (Alternative term Prymnesiophyte, see
appendix). Coccolithophore Coccosphere Heterococcolith Holococcolith
(Coccolithus pelagicus (Gephyrocapsa (Gephyrocapsa (Syracolithus
holococcolith phase) oceanica) oceanica) catilliferus)
Nannolith calcareous nannofossil lacking the typical features of
calcareous dinophytes, heterococcoliths or holococcoliths
and so of uncertain affinity, see also Young (1992a),
Young et al. (1994, 1999). The division between coccoliths
and nannoliths varies between authors and is liable to
revision as new data becomes available. N.B. This rather
restricted definition of the term has little etymological
justification, but has been widely used, e.g. Perch-Nielsen
(1985a, 1985b), Bown (1987), Aubry (1989). (The terms
heliolith and ortholith provide an alternative basis for sub- Nannolith Nannolith Combination Xenosphere
dividing the calcareous nannofossils, see appendix). (Lithraphidites (Ceratolithus cristatus coccosphere (bearing Emiliania
{?Perch-Nielsen 1985a} carniolensis) - CE cristatus type (Calcidiscus huxleyi and
leptoporus with Gephyrocapsa
Heterococcolith coccolith formed of crystal-units of variable shape and holococcolith formerly oceanicacocoliths)
size. Crystal units typically arranged in cycles with radial assigned to
symmetry. {Braarud et al. 1955a, 1955b} Syracolthus
quadriperforatus)
Heterococcolithophore cell bearing coccosphere of heterococcoliths.
Nannofossils and coccolithophores - notes for editors and other pedants
Holococcolith coccolith formed of numerous minute (<0.1 µm) crystallites
KOMPOSISI KIMIA dan MINERAL :

• Tersusun dari Calsium Carbonat / CaCO3 

(Kalsit - Aragonit - Vaterit)
• Hadir unsur-unsur P - Mg - Sr - Ba - Fe +
senyawa CaCO3
• Al - K - Mn - Na - Si (dalam jumlah sedikit)
ORIENTASI KRISTAL KALSIT pada
COCCOLITH :
• ORTHOLITHID :
Sumbu optis kristal-kristal kalsitnya saling sejajar
• HELIOLITHID :
Sumbu optis kristal-kristal kalsitnya tersusun secara
helicoid
• HETEROLITHID :
Sumbu optis kristal-kristalnya tersusun secara acak
X NIKOL

// NIKOL
DASAR KLASIFIKASI
• Tatanama LINNEAN
• Dasar utama : bentuk
lempeng coccolith
• ORDO : morfologi
lingkaran luar / rim
• FAMILI : bentuk/
susunan/lebar rim
• GENUS : pola detil
elemen rim dan struktur
umum daerah pusat /
‘central area’
• SPESIES : struktur detil
daerah pusat