Internal Combustion Engine

Internal Combustion Engine
1
AIM
To enable the learner, to understand about Petrol/Diesel

Engine regarding their components ,functions,
working principles as well as fuel system of engines.
2
CONTENTS
• Introduction to engines
• Main engine units and functions
• Operating Principle of Petrol/Diesel Engine
• Fuel System of Petrol & Diesel Engine
3
Unit 1.1a
Introduction to engines
In this section we will study about:

• Engine and its types
• Aspirated engines
• Cylinder layout
• Possibilities of engine locations
4
Unit 1.1a
What is an Engine?
• An Engine is a machine which
converts Chemical Energy into
mechanical energy (work).
• An Engine is a machine which

converts heat energy into
work.
• An Engine is a source of
Power.
5
Unit 1.1a
Operation of Engine
Intake
Exhaust Compression
Combustion
6
Unit 1.1a
Types of Engine Design
Two basic design of engine Engine
1. Reciprocating engine
ICE ECE
2. Rotary engine
Reciprocating Rotary
7
Unit 1.1a
1. Reciprocating Engine
• An engine in which the to-

and-fro motion of one or
more pistons is transformed
into the rotary motion of a
crankshaft
8
Unit 1.1a
Types of Reciprocating Engines
Reciprocating Engines
4 Stroke 2 Stroke
Petrol Diesel LPG/CNG
9
Unit 1.1a
Reciprocating Engine
Petrol Engine (4 Stroke)
1. Air and Fuel are mixed together and
sucked-in during intake stroke.
2. Piston compresses the mixture.
3. High tension electric spark through
spark plug.
4. Burnt gases escape out
10
Unit 1.1a
Reciprocating Engine
Diesel Engine (4 Stroke)
1. Only air entered in the cylinder during
suction stroke.
2. Piston compresses the air at high
pressure.
3. Diesel is injected in to the compressed
and hot air.
4. Burnet gases escape out
11
Unit 1.1a
Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

Spark Plug Diesel High Pressure Lines
Injector
Carburetor
Distributer
High
tension
cable Fuel Injection Pump
12
Unit 1.1a
2. Rotary Engine (Wankel-

Engine)
• It is stationary or fixed in
that it simply spins in place.
• The central rotor turns in
one direction only and yet
produces the required
intake, compression, firing
and exhaust stroke.
• No true crankshaf.
13
Unit 1.1a
Advantages:
• produces high power for its size
and weight.
• compact size.
• light weight and smooth
operation because there are no
reciprocating parts.
Drawbacks:
• relatively high exhaust
emission.
• possible sealing problems
• low fuel economy.
14
Unit 1.1a
Aspired Engine
Aspired
Engine
Naturally Forced
Aspired Aspired
Turbo Super
Charged Charged
15
Unit 1.1a
Aspired Engine
Naturally Aspired Engine
• A conventional engine that
takes in air at normal pressure.
• The naturally aspirated engine

operates only on its ability to
create a vacuum in the
cylinder to bring in air, as
compared to the turbocharged
engine which pumps in air.
16
Unit 1.1a
Aspired Engine
Forced Aspired Engine
•A system in which either a conventional
supercharger or a turbocharger, or even a
combination of both (super-turbocharger), Forced
is used to increase intake pressure and
Aspired
force the mixture into the cylinders.
•Air in proportion to fuel is necessary for Turbo Super

combustion, so more forced air leads to a Charged Charged
higher rate of combustion, more engine
power and have higher rate of acceleration.
17
Unit 1.1a
Aspired Engine
1.Turbo Charged Engine
•In exhaust gas turbo charging, some of the
exhaust gas energy, which would normally
be wasted, is used to drive a turbine.
•Mounted on the same shaft as the turbine
is a compressor which draws in the
combustion air, compresses it, and then
supplies it to the engine.
•There is no mechanical coupling to the
engine.
•Examples are 2012 Hyundai Veloster
Turbo and 2012 Chevrolet Cruze Eco.
18
Unit 1.1a
Aspired Engine
1. Turbo Charged Engine
19
Unit 1.1a
Aspired Engine
2. Super Charged Engine
•An engine that is similar to a turbocharged
engine which uses a series of belts or chains
from the crankshaft to turn the turbines.
•Turbine as air compressor forces air, under
pressure, into the cylinder.
•It can be mounted between the carburetor and
cylinders or between the carburetor and the
atmosphere. It boosts the power of the engine.
•Examples are 2012 Camaro Chevrolet
Supercharged and 2012 Land Rover Range
Rover Sport Supercharged.
20
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
We can classify the I.C Engines

by its Block Geometry In-Line Type
• In-Line Type V-Type

• V-Type
Block Flat Opposite
• Flat Opposite Type Geometry Type
• Radial type
• Radial type
Rotary (Wankel)
Rotary
(Wankel)
21
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
In-Line Type
• Cylinders are arranged in a

single row.
• This type is most frequently

used because it provides
the simplest construction.
22
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
In-Line Type
• Other designs are as follows:
23
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
V-Type
• Cylinder block is formed

into V-shape
• This type allows the overall

engine height & length to
be reduced.
24
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
V-Type
25
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
Flat Opposite Type
• Cylinders are set

horizontally opposing each
other.
• This arrangement reduces

the engine height.
26
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
Flat Opposite Type
27
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
Radial Type
• Cylinders are set in radial

configuration, also known
as “star engine”.
• Largely used in aircraft.
28
Unit 1.1a
Cylinder Layout
Rotary (Wankel)
• Pistons are replaced by

rotors.
• Crankshaft is stationary
while rotor rotates around
it.
29
Unit 1.1a
Engine Mounting Position
Engine Position
Transverse/
Front Rear Mid Longitudinal Under Slung
Engine
30
Unit 1.1a
Front Engine
31
Unit 1.1a
Rear Engine
32
Unit 1.1a
Mid Engine
33
Unit 1.1a
Transverse /Longitudinal Engine
34
Unit 1.1a
Under slung Engine
35
Unit 1.1a
Different Engines Applications
Locomotive Heavy Trucks Cranes
Submarine Ships Jet Aircraft 36

Unit 1.1a
Different Engines Applications
Power generation Generators Wood Saw
Motorbike Ship with cranes Earth moving machine 37

Unit 1.2a
Main Engine units and functions
In this section we will study about:

• Cylinder/Engine head
• Valve operating mechanism
• Engine blocks
• Timing gear
• Manifolds
• Oil sump
• Machined faces
• Securing devices
• Seals
• Engine terminologies
38
Unit 1.2a
Engine Head
Engine Block
Oil Sump
39
Unit 1.2a
Cam Shaft
Cylinder Head
Cylinder block
Crank Shaft
Oil pan/Sump
40
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
•Cylinder head consists of a

casting, typically made
from aluminum or iron.
•Head is attached to the

block using studs, bolts, or
a combination of the two.
41
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
• It has intake and exhaust ports.
• Cylinder head closes on the

top of the cylinder, forming the
combustion chamber.
• This joint is sealed by a head

gasket.
42
Unit 1.2a
Allowing Stopping
fuel to go fuel
Cylinder Head as Traffic Cop

Letting fresh air and fuel enter the engine
cylinders and exhaust gases exit
43
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Intake Ports
• Intake ports or passages on

the side of the head mate to
the intake manifold.
• This is where the incoming

fuel mixture enters the
head.
44
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Exhaust Ports
• Exhaust ports or passages on
the side of the head mate to
the exhaust manifold.
• The exhaust ports needn't be
as large as the intake ports to
handle a given engine flow.
• Too large a port slows the
incoming charge.
45
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Combustion Chamber
• A portion of the head that

mates with the top of the
engine block and caps the
piston cylinder.
46
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Valve Train
• Valve-train is a term used to

describe the mechanisms
and parts which control the
operation of the valves.
• It consists of valves, return

spring, rocker arms,
pushrods, lifters/tappets,
cams and camshaft(s).
47
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head Cam

Camshaft
Camshaf
• Camshaft is used to operate
valves.
• The cams force the valves

open by pressing on the
valve.
48
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Elliptical Lobes(Cam)
• A cam is a rotating or sliding piece

in a mechanical linkage used
especially in transforming rotary
motion into linear motion or vice-
versa .
• One lobe actuates the intake valve

and the other the exhaust valve.
• The cam rotates at half the speed of

the engine crankshaft.
49
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Camshaft Sprocket
• Camshaft sprocket is located

at the one end of camshaft.
• It is synchronized to
crankshaft sprocket via
rubber belt or steel link
chain to control valves
opening/closing timing.
50
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Bearing Caps
• The camshaft is secured to

the top of the head and
rides in a number of bearing
caps.
51
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Engine Valves
Uses:
• Radial motion of the cams is Camshaft
converted into the Cam
reciprocating motion by
using valves.
• Intake valves for fuel Valve

entering and exhaust valves
for removing burned gases.
52
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Engine Valves
• The intake valve (right) is always

larger than the exhaust valve
(left) to allow for greater intake
flow as the intake pressure is
less than the exhaust pressure.
• Note the keeper grooves on the

end of each stem
53
Unit 1.2a
Valve Nomenclature
VALVE HEAD
MARGIN
VALVE FACE
VALVE SEAT
VALVE NECK
VALVE GUIDE
VALVE SPRING
VALVE ROTATOR
VALVE SPRING RETAINER

54
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Valve Seal
• A valve seal is also used on

each stem to prevent oil
from the top of the cylinder
head from seeping down
the guide into the intake or
exhaust port below.
55
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Valve Seat
• A hardened valve seat is

pressed in the casting to
prevent wear and tear of
cylinder head because of
rapid movement of valves.
• Manufactured from a hard

steel alloy.
56
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Valve Guide
•Each valve stem slides in a tubular

guide (often bronze or a similar alloy)
that is pressed into the head.
•Upon wear, oil can start to slowly seep
from the valve train area down into the
engine cylinders, resulting in some
exhaust smoke.
•Also serve some duty to conduct heat
from the valves into the cylinder head.
57
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Push Rod
• Pushrod is used to actuate

rocker arms above the
cylinder head to actuate the
valves.
• A metal rod transmitting the

reciprocating motion to
operate valves having the
camshaft in the crankcase.
58
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Rocker Arms
• Each cam lobe pushes on a

rocker arm that pivots in
the head and in turn pushes
on the end of a valve stem
to open and close it at the
appropriate times.
59
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Valve Springs, Retainer Ring,
and Grooved Keepers
• One of the valve springs, its

retainer ring, and a set of
grooved keepers used to
clamp onto the end of the
valve stem.
60
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Head
Cam Follower / Valve Lifter/
Bucket / Tappet
• The unit that contacts the end of
the valve stem and the camshaft.
• The follower rides on the

camshaft and when the cam
lobes move it upward, it opens the
valve.
• A tool that compresses valve springs

for removal and replacement.
61
Unit 1.2a
Two types of tappet:
1.Bucket tappet
• Valve lifers that are hollow, cylindrical,
and closed at one end.
• The flat, closed end of the tappet
(bottom of the bucket) rests against the
camshaf lobe with part of the Valve
spring and Valve stem enclosed by the
cylinder.
2.Flat tappet
• A tappet with a flat contact surface
toward the cam lobe.
62
Unit 1.2a
Examples of bucket tappet

63
Unit 1.2a

Exhaust Camshaft
Cylinder Head
Camshaft housing
Hydraulic Valve Lifter Hydraulic lifters
Intake Camshaft
•A Lifer that uses hydraulic oil
pressure to maintain no clearance
between metal parts so that valve
noise is reduced.
•Its purpose is to maintain zero
clearance in the rocker assembly.
•It eliminates an adjustable contact
on the rocker to set the clearance. Cylinder head Roller type cam follower
64
Unit 1.2a

Exhaust Camshaft
Cylinder Head
Camshaft housing
Hydraulic Valve Lifter Hydraulic lifters
• Also it reduces wear on the

valves and eliminates periodic
valve adjustments.
• It is also operated directly by
the camshaft.
Cylinder head Roller type cam follower
65
Unit 1.2a
Valve Operating Mechanism

Valve Mechanism
• The system of valves (valve

train) that lets the fuel charges
in and let the exhaust gases
out. Overhead Valve Overhead Cam
(OHV) (OHC)
Single Overhead Double Overhead Cam

Cam (SOHC) (DOHC)
66
Unit 1.2a

Overhead Valve (OHV)
• Engines with Camshaft in the

Cylinder block, use push rods
and rocker arms to move the
valves are called Overhead
Valve Engines (OHV).
67
Unit 1.2a

Overhead Cam (OHC)
• Engines with the camshaft in Overhead Cam

the cylinder head are called (OHC)
Overhead Cam (OHC) engines.
Types: Single Double

Overhead Cam Overhead Cam
1. Single Overhead Cam(SOHC) (SOHC) (DOHC)
2. Double Overhead Cam
(DOHC)
68
Unit 1.2a

1. Single Overhead Cam (SOHC)
engines use one camshaft for
both sets of valves operate
directly or indirectly on the
valves.
69
Unit 1.2a

2. Double Overhead Cam
(DOHC) engines use two
camshaft, one for inlet and
other for exhaust valves.
70
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
•It guides and bears the piston
sliding.
•The cylinder block also form a
jacket to contain the liquid coolant.
•Cylinder block is the heart of the
engine and is made up of cast iron.
• Nowadays, cylinder blocks are of
aluminum alloy, as aluminum is
lighter in weight and radiates heat
more efficiently than cast iron.
71
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Cooling Fins
• The cylinder block is

provided with ribs in the
outside walls to give extra
rigidity to the engine and
aid in heat radiation.
72
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Water Jackets
• When human bodies feel cold, we

put on a jacket. Our car engines
carry permanent jackets for the
opposite reason- to keep cool!
• The water jacket is a

compilation of passages within
the block & head and connected
by inlet and outlet valves to a
radiator.
73
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Water Jackets
• These passages let the coolant
flow around the “hot spots”
(valve seats and guides, cylinder
walls, even combustion chamber,
etc.) in order to cool them off.
• The engine block is in fact
manufactured in one piece with
the water jackets cast into the
block and also cylinder head.
74
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Piston
• Its purpose is to transfer force
from expanding gas in the
cylinder to the crankshaft via a
connecting rod.
• The diesel engine piston has

generally been equipped with
three instead of two
compression rings.
75
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Piston Crown Types
Flat head piston Slipper piston
Deflector piston Well piston
76
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Piston Rings
• Piston rings are fitted in the

piston’s ring groove.
• Provide a seal between the

piston and the cylinder wall.
• Larger outside diameter of

piston ring than piston.
77
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Piston Rings
• Highly wear-resistant
material is used for rings.
• Normally, made of a special

chrome plated cast iron so
that they will not damage
the cylinder bore.
78
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Role of Piston Ring
• Prevent the air-fuel mixture &
combustion gas from leaking
through the cylinder bore to
the crankcase during the
compression & combustion
stroke.
• Prevent the oil that lubricates
the piston sides & cylinder
bore from entering the
combustion chamber. 79
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Cylinder Sleeve (Liner)
• Most cast-aluminum blocks have
cast-iron cylinder sleeves (liners).
• The cast-iron cylinder sleeves are
either cast into the aluminum
block during manufacturing or
pressed into the aluminum block.
• Cylinder sleeve or liner are
removable.
80
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
• Mainly two types are in

common use:
1. Dry cylinder sleeves.
2. Wet cylinder sleeves.
81
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
1. Dry cylinder sleeves
• A separately manufactured
cylinder liner is inserted in a
cylinder of the cylinder block.
• These sleeves are not in

direct contact with the
coolant passages so called as
dry cylinder sleeves.
82
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
2. Wet cylinder sleeves
• The outer surface of the wet
liner comes in direct contact
with water and due to this it
can be cooled efficiently.
• The wet sleeves has thicker
walls since no outside
structure provides support.
83
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Connecting rods
• Connecting rods convert

reciprocating motion into
rotating motion.
84
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Crankshaft (Backbone of an
Engine)
• Crank Shaf is used to convert the
reciprocating motion from connecting
rod into rotation.
• It has crank throws/ crankpins, main &
big-end bearing journals, crank web
and fly-weights.
85
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Crankshaft (Backbone of
Engine)
• The crankshaft is supported
in the crankcase and rotates
in the main bearings.
Crank Shaft
86
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Flywheel
•A flywheel is a power storage device

for rotational energy.
•It is used to maintain constant

angular velocity of the crankshaft in a
reciprocating engine.
•It stores energy when torque is

exerted on it by a firing piston.
87
Unit 1.2a
Cylinder Block
Flywheel
• It releases stored energy by

applying torque to a
mechanical load when no
piston is exerting torque on
it.
• Made of steel and rotate on

conventional bearings.
88
Unit 1.2a
Journals/Bearings
• Journal or plain bearings consist
of a shaft or journal which
rotates freely in a supporting
metal sleeve or shell.
• Bearings with no rolling
elements.
• These bearings of steel have
thin lining or coating of anti-
frictional metal.
89
Unit 1.2a
Journals/Bearings
• Connecting rod big end

bearings & Crankshaf main
bearings are precision
insert bearings.
• The insert type bearing is

not usually adjustable,
however it can be replaced.
90
Unit 1.2a
Journals/Bearings
Crankshaft Main Bearing
• Crank shaft main bearing

provides smooth movement
to crank shaft with less
friction.
• Upper half is installed in the

crankcase and lower-bearing
half is fit into the bearing cap.
91
Unit 1.2a
Journals/Bearings
Connecting Rod Big End Bearings
• Used to minimize friction between
crank shaft and connecting rod.
• They help resolve the

reciprocating linear motion of
pistons to the rotating motion of
the crankshaft by means of
crankpin journals on the
crankshaft.
92
Unit 1.2a
Timing Gear
• Timing gears keep the crankshaft
and the camshaft turning in
proper relation to one another, so
the valves open and close at the
proper time.
• Each valve must be opened once
for every two revolutions of the
crankshaft
• The speed ratio of the crankshaft
to camshaft is 2:1
Types :
1. Gear-drive Gear Train
2. Chain-drive Gear Train
3. Belt-drive Gear Train 93
Unit 1.2a
Timing Gear
1. Gear-drive Gear Train
• The timing gear on the crankshaft
meshes directly with the gear on
the camshaft
• Commonly used on heavy-duty
applications.
• Noisier than a chain or belt drive.

• To time the valve properly, mesh
the gears by aligning with marks.
94
Unit 1.2a
Timing Gear
2. Chain-drive Gear Train
• Most common type of gear train.
• Two types of timing chains.
1. Silent link type: used in standard
and light-duty applications.
2. Roller-link chain: used in heavy-
duty applications.
• The chain sprockets have timing
marks too.
• The correct timing may be
obtained by lining up the marks
with a straightedge. 95
Unit 1.2a
Timing Gear
3. Belt-drive Gear Train
• The sprockets on the crankshaf and
the camshaf are linked by a
continuous neoprene belt.
• Belt is reinforced with nylon or fiber
glass to give it strength and prevent
it from stretching.
• The belt has square-shaped internal
teeth.
• This drive configuration is limited to
overhead camshaft engines.
96
Unit 1.2a
Timing Gear Timing belt

Tensioner
• Most engines with a chain drive
and all belt-driven engines use
a tensioner.
• The tensioner pushes against Timing chain
the belt or chain to keep it
tight.
• This serves to keep it from
slipping on the sprockets.
97
Unit 1.2a
Manifolds
1. Intake manifolds
Manifolds
2. Exhaust manifolds
Intake Exhaust
manifold manifold
98
Unit 1.2a
Manifolds
1. Intake manifold
• The primary purpose of the

intake manifold is to
provide the way to fresh air
fuel mixture to go inside
the cylinder and burn.
99
Unit 1.2a
Manifolds
2. Exhaust manifold
• The primary purpose of exhaust
manifold is to provide the way
from where the exhaust gases
can easily go outside from the
engine cylinder and finally to
the silencer.
Exhaust manifold with down pipe
100
Unit 1.2a
Engine Oil Pane/ Oil Sump/Oil

Chamber
•The crankcase is the housing for the
crankshaft.
•The sump on a four stroke engine is a
reservoir for the lubricating oil and is
bolted to the crankcase.
•Oil pump circulate oil from oil pane.
•A simple dip stick is provided to
measure minimum and maximum oil
level.
101
Unit 1.2a
Engine Oil Pane/ Oil

Sump/Oil Chamber
• Able to bear strike of stone,
jerks or any damage from
bottom of the engine.
• Made by steel or Mild –

steel sheet.
• Engine oil capacity of cars

engines is generally 3.5 to 7
liters.
102
Unit 1.2a
Machined faces
• Cylinder Block
• Cylinder Head
Why Machined Faces?

• To prevent leakage between
cylinder block and cylinder head.
• If Strain exists between the

fitting surfaces of parts , it results
in liquid leaks or gas leaks.
103
Unit 1.2a
Securing device
Split Pin
• Split pins are frequently
used to secure other
fasteners
Snap Ring
• Piston pins holding the
pistons in place are locked
by snap rings.
104
Unit 1.2a
Seals
• Cylinder Head Gaskets

• Fiber Washer Seals
• Paper Gasket
Cylinder Paper
Fiber
Head Gasket
washer
Gaskets
105
Unit 1.2a
Seals
Cylinder Head Gasket
• A gasket is a hard packing that
prevents leakage (oil, gas and
water) between cylinder head
and cylinder block.
106
Unit 1.2a
Seals
Gaskets are used in
many locations in the
engine
107
Unit 1.2a
Seals
Paper Gasket
• It is used in manifolds to
prevent leakages.
108
Unit 1.2a
Seals
Fiber washer
• It is used to prevent oil

leakage or insulate from
electric current to any
desire part or bolt and nut.
109
Unit 1.2a
Engine Terminologies
Top Dead Center (TDC)
Top maximum point of Piston travel
Bottom Dead Center (BDC)
Bottom maximum point of Piston travel
Bore
Inside Diameter in which piston travels
Bore Diameter = d
Bore Area = πd2 / 4
It is expressed in centimeter square (cm2)
Bore Area = cm2
Stroke
Total distance that piston travel in Bore
110
Unit 1.2a
Capacity
Capacity = Bore Area × Stroke of Piston × number
of cylinders
Capacity = (πd2 / 4) × Ls × n
Vs
Clearance Volume (Vc)
Remaining volume above the piston when it
reaches TDC
Vc = (πd2 / 4) × Lc
Vc = cm3
111
Unit 1.2a
Swept Volume (Vs)
Volume of cylinder displaced or swept by a single
stroke of the piston.
It is expressed in cubic centimeters (cm3)
Vs = (πd2 / 4) × Ls
Vs
Vs = cm3
Compression ratio (Rv)

The swept volume (Vs)plus the clearance volume
(Vc) divided by the clearance volume (Vc)
Rv = (Vs +Vc) / Vc
112
Unit 1.2a

Problem
If the bore diameter of Cylinder is 8 cm and stroke of piston is 8.5
cm find the capacity of engine if engine has 4 cylinders?
Bore Diameter = d = 8 cm
Stroke length = L = 8.5 cm
Bore Area = πd2 / 4
= 3.14 × 82 / 4
= 3.14 × 64 / 4
= 200.96 / 4
= 50.24 cm2
Capacity = Bore area × length of stroke × Number of cylinders
= 50.24 × 8.5 × 4
= 1708 cc 113
Unit 1.3a
Comparison Between Petrol and Diesel

Engine
Petrol Engine Diesel Engine
114
Unit 1.3a
Comparison Between Diesel Engine And

Gasoline Engine
STROKE DIESEL ENGINE GASOLINE ENGINE
Intake Air only is drawn into cylinder. Air-fuel mixture is

drawn into cylinder.
Compression Piston compresses air to increase Piston compresses air-

both pressure and temperature. fuel mixture.
Combustion Fuel is injected into heated, highly Spark plug ignites

compressed air, where it ignites due compressed air-fuel
to heat of pressurized air. mixture.
Exhaust Piston forces exhaust gases out of Piston forces exhaust

cylinder. gases out of cylinder.
115
Unit 1.3a
Operating Principle of Petrol Engine
Petrol Engine (2-stroke)

116
Unit 1.3a

117
Unit 1.3a

1. Intake-compression Stroke
• Intake: A fresh mixture of air & fuel

is taken into the crankcase as the
piston moves up to the TDC.
• Compression: At the same time,

final compression of the mixture
takes place as the mixture is
transferred above the advancing
Piston.
118
Unit 1.3a

2. Power-exhaust Stroke
•Power: The compressed mixture in the cylinder is
ignited by the firing of the spark plug and
immediately the power stroke takes place,
pushing the piston down towards the BDC with
power.
•At the same time, the fresh air fuel mixture taken
into crankcase is partially compressed.
•Exhaust: Also at the same time, as the piston is

coming down the exhaust gases are pushed out
from the cylinder by the force of the new charge
transferred from the crankcase.
119
Unit 1.3a
Operating Principle of Diesel

Engine
Diesel Engine (2-stroke)

120
Unit 1.3a
Operating Principle of Diesel Engine

1. Intake-compression Stroke
• Intake: Piston is at BDC, and air only is
taken into the cylinder as the inlet ports
are uncovered. The blower also delivers
fresh air into the cylinder.
• Compression: The piston starts to move

upward again and the exhaust valve just
closes, air inlet and blower ports are cut
off. The piston approaches top dead
center, compressing the air and raising its
temperature.
121
Unit 1.3a
Operating Principle of Diesel Engine

2. Power-exhaust Stroke
• Power: Just before the piston reaches top
dead center, the injector sprays the fuel. The
heat of the compressed air ignites the fuel.
The explosion forces the piston to move down
the cylinder in a power stroke.
• Exhaust: Before the piston reaches bottom

dead center, the exhaust valve opens and
burned gases escape. The inlet port is
uncovered and it admits fresh air from the
blower scavenging or pushing out the burned
gases and the piston reaches bottom dead
center.
122
Unit 1.3a
Comparison of Two & Four Stroke
S. No Two Stroke Four Stroke

1 Ports, Simple Construction Valves
2 Produce Power in every Produce Power in every two

revolution of Crank shaft revolutions of crank shaft
3 High Fuel consumption Low Fuel consumption
4 More Harmful for environment Less Harmful for environment

(due to unburnt fuel discharge
from exhaust).
5 Requires more frequent Requires Periodic maintenance.
maintenance.
123

Internal Combustion Engine

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Internal Combustion Engine

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Internal Combustion Engine

To enable the learner, to understand about Petrol/Diesel

In this section we will study about:

• An Engine is a machine which

Types of Engine Design

Two basic design of engine Engine

• An engine in which the to-

Petrol Diesel LPG/CNG

Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

2. Rotary Engine (Wankel-

• The naturally aspirated engine

•Air in proportion to fuel is necessary for Turbo Super

We can classify the I.C Engines

• In-Line Type V-Type

• Cylinders are arranged in a

• This type is most frequently

• Other designs are as follows:

• Cylinder block is formed

• This type allows the overall

• Other designs are as follows:

• Cylinders are set

• This arrangement reduces

• Other designs are as follows:

• Cylinders are set in radial

• Largely used in aircraft.

• Pistons are replaced by

Engine Mounting Position

Engine Mounting Position

Engine Mounting Position

Engine Mounting Position

Engine Mounting Position

Transverse /Longitudinal Engine

Engine Mounting Position

Under slung Engine

Different Engines Applications

Locomotive Heavy Trucks Cranes

Submarine Ships Jet Aircraft 36

Different Engines Applications

Power generation Generators Wood Saw

Motorbike Ship with cranes Earth moving machine 37

Main Engine units and functions

In this section we will study about:

Main Engine units and functions

Main Engine units and functions

Main Engine units and functions

•Cylinder head consists of a

•Head is attached to the

Main Engine units and functions

• It has intake and exhaust ports.

• Cylinder head closes on the

• This joint is sealed by a head

Main Engine units and functions

Cylinder Head as Traffic Cop

Main Engine units and functions

• Intake ports or passages on

• This is where the incoming

Main Engine units and functions

Main Engine units and functions

• A portion of the head that

Main Engine units and functions

• Valve-train is a term used to

• It consists of valves, return

Main Engine units and functions