SOIL STABILISATION USING

LIME,FLYASH AND SHREDDED

RUBBER

Guided by Presented By
Ms.Drisya S Anuranj K :07
AP COET Athul K C :09
Mr.Rojin P Neethu Mohan :44
AP COET Temy Peter :56
Sneha B K :62

Department Of Civil Engineering

College Of Engineering Thalassery
March 2018
1
INTRODUCTION
•Soil stabilization : Technique for improving the

engineering properties of soil

•Increase bearing capacity and prevent soil erosion

Stabilising agents used are:

1. Lime

2. Flyash

3. Shredded rubber 2
OBJECTIVES

• To evaluate the properties of the black cotton soil under

consideration and conduct various geotechnical
properties

• To study the effect of lime,flyash and shredded rubber

on black cotton soil

• To determine the proportion of the lime,flyash and

shredded rubber to be used with the soil

3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sl.No Journal Author Content Year

1. International Umar Jan, This paper presents the Feb

Research Journal Vinod K. investigation of behavior of 2015
of Engineering and Sonthwal, Ajay pavement subgrade soil stabilized
Technology Kumar with shredded rubber tyre. It is
(IRJET) Volume Duggal, Er. found that the 8% (25 mm×50
Shredded Rubber Jasvir S. mm) of tyre content is the specific
Rattan, Mohd value where the CBR has got the
Irfan improvement of 66.28% than in
comparison of the plain soil .

2. SSRG Arichandran.M Characteristics, Aug

International ,Harikrishna Distribution,problem associated 2017
Journal Of Civil S.M.K ,Mr. with black soil,various tests
Engineering- K.Mahendran conducted are explained
special Issue M.E.,Mba.
Stabilisation of
black cotton soil
4
4. IOSR Journal of Ghatge Sandeep B.C soil shows an Feb
Mechanical and Hambirao,Dr.P. increase in 2014
Civil Engineering G.Rakaraddi unconfined
(IOSR-JMCE) compressive
strength from
59.40 KPa to
201KPa whereas
for 4% cement
content it has
increased to
328KPa.

3. International Er. Rehana Materials,methods, Jan

Journal of latest Kapoor and the tests 2017
research in science conducted for
and technology stabilisation are
Stabilisation of soil studied
with GGBS

5
4. Global Journal Udayashankar Stabilisation of Black Cotton Feb
Of Researches D.Hakari, Soils is done Using Fly Ash in 2012
In Engineering S.C.Puranik the Hubballi-
Civil And Dharwad Municipal
Structural Corporation Area in Karnataka.
Engineering The fly ash used in this work is
procured from
“The West Coast Paper Mills,
Dandeli in Karnataka

5. Miss K S. Kavish S. Lime-stabilization of geo- May

Gaikwad et al Mehta, Rutvij materials by producing cohesive 2014
Int. Journal of J. Sonecha, materials in the soil increases
Engineering Parth D. the strength and decreases
Research and Daxini materials plastic properties.
Applications

6
SCHEDULING
Sl.No Month Description Of Work

1. AUGUST Topic discussion

2. SEPTEMBER Topic “soil stabilisation”

approved
3. OCTOBER Type of soil,stabilising agent
selected.
Properties of black cotton soil and
stabilising agents
lime,flyash,shredded rubber are
studied
Zeroth presentation done.

4. NOVEMBER Tests to be conducted and scope

of the project are discussed 7
6. DECEMBER Black cotton soil is collected from Chittur
district of Palakkad.
Flyash from ‘Geomix’ concrete plant at
Kuthuparamba.
Shredded rubber from Rubco Industry at
Valiyavelicham,Kuthuparamba
Lime from NTL Fertilisers and Chemicals
Pvt.Ltd,Kannur

7. JANUARY Tests completed

1. Specific gravity
2. Compaction test using lime
3. Swelling index test using lime and flyash
8. FEBRUARY 1. Unconfined compression test using
lime,flyash and shredded rubber
2. Liquid limit and plastic limit using flyash
and lime
3. Compaction test using shredded rubber and
flyash
8
9. MARCH •Analysis of results of all the tests and comparison
with pure black cotton soil
•Project report preparation

9
STUDY AREA

•Alluvial plains, terraces and

undulating plains of Chittur
Taluk in Palakkad District

•Elevation ranges from 100m to

300m above MSL

Distribution of black cotton

soil in Kerala
10
METHODOLOGY
PRIMARY DATA
1.Collection of materials
Black cotton soil is collected from Palakkad and stabilising agents
flyash, shredded rubber and lime from ‘Geomix’ readymix concrete
plant,Rubco rubber industry and Kannur respectively.

SECONDARY DATA
2.Geotechnical Tests
• Specific gravity
• CBR test
• Compaction test
• Swelling index test
• UCC test
• Atterberg’s limit

11
3.Percentage of additives used
• Lime - 0%,6%,8%,10%
• Flyash – 0%,10%.15%,20%
• Shredded rubber – 0%,5%,10%15%

4.Tests are conducted on pure black cotton soil and with

the above mentioned percentages of stabilizing agents.

5. The results are compared and the best percentage of the

additive is selected.

12
 MATERIALS USED
•Type of soil
Black Cotton Soil

•Stabilising agents
1.Lime
2.Flyash
3.Shredded rubber

13
BLACK COTTON SOIL
•Inorganic clays of medium to high compressibility
•Form a major soil group in India
•Characterized by high shrinkage and swelling properties
• Covers approximately 20% of the total area of India.
•Rich proportion of montmorillonite is found in Black cotton
•It renders high degree of expansiveness
• These property results cracks in soil without any warning
•Cracks may sometimes extent to severe limit like ½” wide and
12” deep.
14
 Properties of black cotton soil
Sl.No Properties Values
1. Liquid Limit(%) 40-120
2. Plastic Limit(%) 20-60
3. Optimum water content(%) 20.5
4. Maximum dry density(gm/cc) 1.59
5. Specific gravity 2.6-2.75
6. Free swell index(%) 40-180
7. CBR (unsoaked) 17.83

CBR (soaked) 3.09

8. Fines(<75µ)(%) 75-100
9. Proctor density (kg/m3) 1350-1600
15
10. Soil classification(IS 1498- CH/MH Clay/Silt of high
1970) plasticity

11. Angle of internal friction (0) 3.08

12. Cohesion(kg/cm2) 1.42

13. Unconfined compression 1.19

strength (kg/cm2)

14. Swelling pressure( kN/m2) 50-800

16
Removing lumps and sieving the B.Csoil 17
LIME
• Primary reaction :- cation exchange
and flocculation
• Secondary reaction:- agglomeration
and alignment disrupted.
• Lime type used – quick lime and
hydrated lime(also dolomite lime) Lime
• Effects : decrease plasticity
index,increase grain size,decrease
maximum dry density,increase
compressive strength
• Lime content added from 0 to 10%.

18
LIME STABILISATION

•Initial dissociation of hydrated lime:

Ca[OH]2 Ca++ + 2[OH-]

•Reaction products of soil-lime interaction:

Ca++ + 2[OH-] + SiO2 (clay silica) CSH
(calciumsilicate hydrates)
Ca++ + 2[OH-] + Al2O3 (clay alumina) CAH
(calcium aluminate hydrates)

19
LIME TYPE
1. Quick Lime, CaO
•Produced by burning calcium carbonate or limestone
•Highly reactive

2. Hydrated Lime,Ca(OH)2
• Produced by exothermic reaction of adding water to quicklime
•Commonly used lime

3. Dolomite Lime
• Combination of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate
• Not particularly reactive and rarely used

20
 Properties Of Lime

PH Value > 7 ( Alkaline )

CaCO3 1 – 15 %

SiO2 50 – 55 %

SiO2 / Al2O3 3–5%

Montmorilonite Minerals 30 – 50 %

Organic Content 0.4 to 2.4 %

Specific gravity 2.24

21
 FLYASH
•Finely divided residue resulting from
the combustion of powdered coal

•Transported by the fuel gases

•Collected by electrostatic precipitator

•By-product of thermal power plants

•Costless and abundantly available Flyash

•Land area required for its disposition

is a great problem

•Utilization of fly ash solves the

problem of air and water pollution. 22
Grain Size Distribution

S.No Fly ash Gravel(%) Coarse sand(%) Medium Fine Silt &
Content(%) sand(%) sand clay (%)
(%)
1 0 4.80 1.40 2.80 4.40 86.60
2 10 2.60 1.00 2.20 5.40 88.80
3 20 1.80 1.00 2.20 6.20 88.80
4 30 3.00 1.20 1.80 7.00 87.00
5 40 1.00 0.80 2.20 9.20 86.80
6 50 0.80 0.80 1.80 10.00 86.60
7 60 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.0 79.00

23
 Properties of flyash

Color Grey

Specific Gravity 1.90 –2.55

Angle of Internal friction 30 – 40(Degrees)

Permeability(cm/sec) 8 x 10-6 –7 x 10-4

Coefficient of uniformity 3.1 – 10.7

Compression index Cc 0.05 – 0.4

Cohesion(kN/m2) Negligible

Plasticity Non plastic

OMC(%) at 38.0 –18.0

MDD (g/cc) 0.9 –1.6

24
 SHREDDED RUBBER

• Used in landfills, replacing other construction

materials, for a lightweight backfill.
• Sizes ranges from 15mm to 25mm (Width) and
30mm to 50mm (Length).
Shredded Rubber
• Rubber tire had been varied in proportions of
5%, 10%, 15% and 20%.
• Specific gravity of tyre shreds obtained with a
pycnometer test ranges from 0.90 to 1.12.

25
TEST CONDUCTED
1.Swelling Index Test
2.Standard Proctor Compaction Test
Optimum Moisture Content
Maximum Dry Density
3.Unconfined Compression Test
Shear Strength
4.Pycnometer Method
Specific Gravity Of Soil
5.California bearing ratio test
6. Atterberg Limits
Liquid Limit By Casagrande’s Apparatus
Plastic Limit

26
1.SWELLING INDEX TEST
Aim:
To determine the free swell index of the sample

Equations:
Mass of the soil sample=10g
Free swell index(%)=(Vd -Vk )/Vk x 100
Vd =Volume of the soil specimen in distilled water

Vk =Volume of the soil specimen in kerosene

27
Results:

Sl.No Lime Content Free swell index Fly ash Free swell
content(%) index

1. 0 78.8 0 78.8

2. 6 45 10 65.5

3. 8 26 15 48

4. 10 18 20 39.3

28
Soil sample poured in Kerosene and Water in test tubes
29
2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Aim:
To determine the specific gravity of the sample

Equations:
Mass of the soil sample = 300g
Specific gravity = (m2 – m1)/[(m4 – m1) -(m3 – m2)]
m1 = mass of the jar and glass plate
m2 = mass of the jar,plate and soil
m3 = mass of the jar,glass plate, soil and water
m4 = mass of the jar,plate and water

30
Observations:
1. Black cotton soil(B.C soil)
m1 =586g
m2 = 888.4g
m3 =1656.9g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.618
2. B.C soil + 6% lime
m1 =586g
m2 = 886g
m3 =1675.3g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.615
31
3. B.C soil + 8% lime
m1 =586g
m2 = 887.3g
m3 =1679.2g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.69

4. B.C soil + 10% lime

m1 =586g
m2 = 888.2g
m3 =1675.8g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.618g

32
5. B.C soil + 5% shredded rubber
m1 =586g
m2 = 888.4g
m3 =1656.9g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.618
6. B.C soil + 10% shredded rubber
m1 =586g
m2 = 893.2gg
m3 =1682g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.66
7. B.C soil + 10% shredded rubber
m1 =586g
m2 = 892.5g
m3 =1685.5g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.76 33
5. B.C soil + 10% flyash
m1 =586g
m2 = 888.4g
m3 =1656.9g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.618
6. B.C soil + 15% flyash
m1 =586g
m2 = 893g
m3 =1683.5g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.67
7. B.C soil + 20% flyash
m1 =586g
m2 = 893.8g
m3 =1684.3g
m4 = 1490g
Specific gravity, G =2.711 34
Results:

Sl.No Percentage Specific Percentage Specific Percentage Specific

Of Lime Gravity Of Shredded Gravity Of Flyash Gravity
Rubber

1. 0 2.62 0 2.62 0 2.62

2. 6 2.62 5 2.66 10 2.71

3. 8 2.69 10 2.76 15 2.67

4. 10 2.62 15 2.74 20 2.71

35
3. PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

Aim:
To determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content of the sample

Equations:
Mass of the soil sample = 3000g
Water content,w (%) = (weight of water)/(weight of dry soil) x 100
Dry density(gm/cc) = (Bulk density)/[1+ (w/100)]

36
Compaction –Equipments And Stages

37
 Compaction Curve- Pure Soil
1.56

1.54

1.52
Dry density g/cc

1.5

1.48

1.46

1.44

1.42
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Moisture content %

38
 Compaction Curve-B.C Soil + 6% Lime
1.6

1.58

1.56
Dry density,g/cc

1.54

1.52

1.5

1.48

1.46
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Moisture content, %

39
 Compaction Curve-B.C Soil + 8% Lime
1.65

1.6
Dry density,g/cc

1.55

1.5

1.45

1.4

1.35
0 10 20 30

Moisture content,%
40
 Compaction Curve-B.C Soil +10% Lime
1.52

1.5

1.48
Dry density,g/cc

1.46
Dry density (g/cc)

1.44

1.42

1.4
0 5 10 15 20 25

Moisture content(%)
41
Results:

Sl. No Lime (%) OMC(%) MDD(%)

1. 0 27.3 1.54

2. 6 25.94 1.54

3. 8 25 1.57

5. 10 22.3 1.52

42
 Compaction Curve- B.C Soil +10% Fly Ash

1.65

1.6
density,g/cc
(g/cc)

1.55
density

1.5
DryDry

1.45

1.4
0 5 10 15 20 25

Moisture content(%)
43
 Compaction Curve- B.C Soil + 15% Flyash

1.85

1.8

1.75
Dry density,g/cc

1.7

1.65
Y-Values
1.6

1.55

1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25

Moisture content(%)
44
 Compaction Curve- B.C Soil + 20% flyash

1.58

1.56

1.54
Dry density,g/cc

1.52

1.5

1.48

1.46

1.44

1.42
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Moisture content,%
Moisture content(%)
45
Results:

Sl. No Flyash (%) OMC(%) MDD(%)

1. 0 24.87 1.54

2. 10 21.09 1.545

3. 15 23.639 1.591

5. 20 25.81 1.573

46
 Compaction Curve- B.C Soil + 5% Shredded
Rubber
1.55

1.5

1.45
Dry density,g/cc

1.4 Y-Values

1.35

1.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Moisture content(%)
47
 Compaction Curve- B.C soil + 10% Shredded
Rubber

1.65

1.6
Dry density,g/cc

1.55

1.5

1.45

1.4

1.35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Moisture content,%
Moisture content(%)
48
 Compaction Curve- B.C soil + 15% Shredded
Rubber
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Dry density,g/cc

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

49
Results:

Sl. No Shredded OMC(%) MDD(%)

Rubber(%)
1. 0 24.87 1.54

2. 5 23.84 1.546

3. 10 20.10 1..558

5. 15 19.33 1.567

50
Interpretation of results:
30

25

20

15

OMC (%)
10 MDD(%)

0
B.C soil 6% lime 8% lime 10% lime 5% 10 % 15% 10% 15% 20%
shredded shredded shredded flyash flyash flyash
rubber rubber rubber

51
4. ATTERBERG’S LIMIT
1. LIQUID LIMIT TEST
Aim:
To deterine the liquid limit and plastic limit of the given soil
sample.

Apparatus:
Mechanical liquid limit device,grooving too;,Porcelain evaporating
dish,spatula, balance,palatte knives,oven,wash bottle,glass plate.

Equations:
1. Moisture content = Weight of water/weight of dry soil x 100
52
2. Flow Index = (WI - W2)/log(N2/N1)

Where W1 = moisture content in percent corresponding to N1

drops
W2 = moisture content in percent corresponding to N2 drops

3. Toughness Index = Plasticity Index/Flow Index

4. Liquidity Index = (W 0 -Wl )/Plasticity index

W0= natural moisture content of the soil

W1 = plastic limit of the soil

5. Consistency Index = (Wl -Wo)/ Liquidity index

53
Liquid Limit Apparatus

54
Plastic Limit

55
 Flow curve-B.C soil + Lime-Semi Log graph
40
37.5 y = -0.4176x + 41.736 y = -0.4319x + 44.989
35
32.5
30
27.5 y = -0.1996x + 34.021 B.C soil + 0% lime
Moisture content (%)

25
22.5 B.C soil + 6% lime
20 B.C soil + 8% lime
17.5 y = -0.2251x + 24.804
15 B.C soil + 10% lime
12.5 Linear (B.C soil +
10 0% lime)
7.5 Linear (B.C soil +
5 6% lime)
2.5
0
1 10 100
No. of Blows

56
Observations:
SL.No B.C soil + 0% B.C soil + 6% B.C soil + 8% B.C soil + 10%
lime lime lime lime

No. of % of No. of % of No. of % of No. of % of

Blows water Blows water Blows water Blows water

1.
58 20.34 42 24.5 37 21.5 35 18.6
2.
33 29.51 26 28.32 29 25.2 26 19.85
3.
21 36.75 23 37.9 19 31.3 12 23.44

Liquid
Limit 34.205 29.855 27.825 22.95 57
Results:

B.C soil + B.C soil + B.C soil + B.C soil +

0% lime 6% lime 8% lime 10% lime
Liquid
Limit(%) 34.205 29.855 27.825 22.95
Plastic
limit(%) 27.6 28.7 27.2 22.43
Flow Index 36.88 17.99 15.039 12.59
Plasticity
Index .
6.605 1.245 .625 .52
Toughness
Index .179 .069 .0415 .0413.
Consistency
Index 2.9076 3.144 8.52 1.25
Liquidity
Index 1.9076 2.216 3.52 .442
58
Observations:
SL.No B.C soil + 0% B.C soil + 10% B.C soil + 15% B.C soil + 20%
flyash flyash flyash flyash

No. of % of No. of % of No. of % of No. of % of

Blows water Blows water Blows water Blows water

1.
58 20.34 35 26.77 34 17.1 42 25.98
2.
33 29.51 26 31.45 29 18.34 22 28.66
3.
21 36.75 12 37.9 10 22.54 11 32.45
59
 Flow curve-B.C soil + Flyash-Semi Log graph

40

35 y = -0.4176x + 41.736 y = -0.4319x + 44.989

Moisture content (%)

30
y = -0.1996x + 34.021
25 B.C soil + 0% flyash

20 B.C soil + 6%flyash

15 y = -0.2251x + 24.804 B.C soil + 8%flyash

10 B.C soil + 10%flyash

0
1 10 100
60
No. of Blows
Results:
B.C soil + B.C soil + B.C soil + B.C soil +
0% flyash 10% flyash 15% flyash 20% flyash
Liquid
Limit(%) 34.205 31.735 9.045 19.175
Plastic
limit(%) 33.27 22 18.8 15.43
Flow Index 5.941 1.8951.6 1.73
Plasticity
Index .935 9.735 10.245 3.745
Toughness
Index .157 5.137 6.403 2.163
Consistency
Index .2805 .4838 .2875 .4300
Liquidity
Index 8.943 .097.4723 2.711
61
 B.C soil + B.C soil + B.C soil + B.C soil +
0% flyash 10% flyash 15% flyash 20% flyash
Liquid
Limit(%) 34.205 31.735 9.045 19.175
Plastic
limit(%) 33.27 22 18.8 15.43
Flow Index 5.941 1.895 1.6 1.73
Plasticity
Index .935 9.735 10.245 3.745
Toughness
Index .157 5.137 6.403 2.163
Consistency
Index .2805 .4838 .2875 .4300
Liquidity
Index 8.943 .097 .4723 2.711
62
5. UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
Aim:
To determine the unconfined
compressive strength of the given soil
sample

Apparatus:
•Compression device
UCC apparatus
•Proving ring
•Deformation dial gauge
•Oven
•Weighing balance 63
 Results

Lime UCC Flyash UCC Shredded UCC

content strength content(%) strength rubber strength
(%) (kPa) (kPa ) content( (kPa )
%)

0 192.56 0 192.56 0 192.56

6 456.23 10 563.49 5 355.79
8 738.88 15 755.54 10 527.41
10 578.3 20 795.45 15 706.38

64
6. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

Aim:
To determine the CBR values of the given soil sample.

Apparatus:
Mouldwith base plate,collar,space disc,metal hammer,weights,loading
machine,penetration plunger,dial gauges,sieves

65
Results
Lime CBR Fly ash CBR Shredded CBR values
content(%) values content(%) values rubber
content(%)

0 1.83 0 1.83 0 1.83

6 9.13 10 10.866 5 7.32

8 13.48 15 16.443 10 11.05

10 16.12 20 19.31 15 12.47

66
 APPLICATIONS
• The highway engineer designing a road pavement may face
weak or unsuitable sub grade. In this case the above discussed
methods to overcome this problem can be considered.
• Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and
control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the
load bearing capacity of a sub-grade to support pavements and
foundations.
• Soil organic matters react with hydration product e.g. calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) resulting into low pH value. The
resulting low pH value may retard the hydration process and
affect the hardening of stabilized soils making it difficult or
impossible to compact.

67
 CONCLUSION
1. The OMC has decreased from 27.3 to 22.3 by adding lime
with black cotton soil and the MDD has increased from 1.54
to 1.52 .
2. With the addition of flyash, OMC has increased from 24.87 to
25.81 and MDD has decresed from 1.54 to 1.573.
3. With the addition of shredded rubber, OMC has decreased
from 24.87 to 19.83 and MDD increased from 1.54 to 1.57.
4. Liquid limit has shown a decrease from 34.205 to 22.95 by
using 10% lime,and to 19.175 by using 20% flyash.
5. Plastic limit has decreased from 27.6 to 22.95 and from 33.27
to 15.43 by using 10% lime and 20% flyash respectively 68
6. The UCC strength has increased from 192.56kPa to 578.3 Kpa
by using 10 % lime.
7. Addition of shredded rubber has shown a increase to
795.45kPa and addition of flyash increased the UCC value to
706.38kPa.
8. The CBR value has increased from 1.83 to 16.12,19.31 and
12.47 by usimg 10% lime,20% flyash and 15% shredded
rubber
9. Free swell index has shown adecrease from 78.8 to 18 by the
use of 10% lime and to 20 by the use of 20% flyash.

69
 REFERENCE
1. Global Journal of researches in engineering Civil And
Structural engineering, Stabilization of Black Cotton Soils
Using Fly Ash
2. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and
Technology, Study of Structures in Black Cotton Soil.
3. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Department of
aerospace Engineering,Structure/Style/Format
instructions/guidelines for Reports.
4. International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering &
Technology soil stabilization using industrial waste and
limeIOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Soil
Stabilization Using Waste Shredded Rubber Tire Chips .
5. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Soil
Stabilization Using Waste Shredded Rubber Tire Chips . 70
71
THANK YOU

72