Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Architecture -- Overview
LTSA 4.00
Frank Farance
Farance/Edutool
1998-05-21
frank@farance.com, +1 212 486 4700
Slides and Document: http://www.edutool.com/ltsa
• Review of goals
• Abstraction-Implementation Layers
• Review of each layer
• Demonstration of perspectives
• What does conformance mean?
• Open issues
Good
Borderline
#1: Minimal Details, Only Data Flow #2: More Details, Control Flow
#3: (Again) More Details, Control Flow #4: More Details, Related Subsystems
Abstraction of Shapes:
Colored Polygons (Red,
Green, Blue)
Raw Details
Implementation of Colored
Polygons with Constraints:
Eight or fewer sides
Implementation of
Colored Shapes:
Constraints: Arrows
Connected to
Polygons
Data Control
Store Store
• Common naming
• Common control flow (initiating transactions)
• Non-homogeneous data flow (different transactions)
• Dynamic, on-demand connections
P - Common naming
- Common control flow
- Non-homogeneous
Each member Q data flow
of bus has
unique name - Dynamic, on-demand
and shares connections
R
namespace
P - Common naming
- Common control flow
- Non-homogeneous
Each member uses Q data flow
same protocol to
request or respond - Dynamic, on-demand
to transactions connections
R
P - Common naming
Example:
PQ uses FTP, but
S
PR uses HTTP
1998-05-21 LTSA 4.00 Overview, Frank Farance 20
Bus Notation:
General Concepts
P - Common naming
- Common control flow
No permanent
connections among - Non-homogeneous
members of bus; Q data flow
each transaction is a
connection - Dynamic, on-demand
R connections
Examples:
1. Q sends to P
2. P broadcasts to all
3. R sends to Q S
Learner
Student
Learning
Environment Collaboration
Interactions Student
Student
Multimedia Learner
Delivery
Delivery Evaluation
System
Coach
Delivery Evaluation
System
Coach
Delivery Evaluation
Performance
Performance (current)
(history)
System
Records
Coach
Database
Performance (new)
• Performance information
– helps infer corrective action over long periods of time
– nomadic students: allows student migration (handoff) to different
teachers (e.g, grade promotion) and different institutions
• Records Database: Learner’s history, objectives
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
• Abstraction of student
• Can represent more than one student
• Learner:
– Receives Multimedia
– Emits Behavior
– Negotiates Learning Style
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
• Evaluation:
– Receives Behavior
– Receives Learning Content (context of Learner’s Behavior)
– Stores Performance info based on Evaluation of Behavior
– Produces Assessment given to System Coach
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning 1
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style 2
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) 3 (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index 4 Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
5 Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
• System Coach extracts Locator Index from the Content Index for
appropriate learning experience
• Locator Index is similar to call number in a library, and similar to URL
of the World Wide Web
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Abstraction
Implementation Student
Records
Human Presentation (database)
Interface Tool
Human
(e.g., X Windows (browser)
Win95) Courseware
Database
1998-05-21 LTSA 4.00 Overview, Frank Farance (web servers) 66
Actual Implementation Example #1:
Web-Based Learning
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Abstraction
Implementation Student
Records
Human Presentation (database)
Interface Tool
Human
(e.g., X Windows (browser)
Win95) Courseware
Database
1998-05-21 LTSA 4.00 Overview, Frank Farance (web servers) 67
Actual Implementation Example #2:
Flight Simulator, Flight Instructor
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Abstraction
Implementation Flight
Pilot’s
Instructor
Logbook
Flight
Simulator
Pilot
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Abstraction
Implementation
Student
Student Uses Teacher Grades
Library Report
Teacher Points Student To
Cards,
Books (A Locator Index)
Transcript
School
Retrieves Teaching Materials
Library
1998-05-21 LTSA 4.00 Overview, Frank Farance 69
Actual Implementation Example #4:
Home Study Course
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Abstraction
Implementation
Home
School Study Student
Course
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Abstraction
Implementation
Various Stakeholder/Design Perspectives
Learner, Assessment, Institution, Metadata, Intelligent Tutor,
Mentoring, Collaboration, Ontology, Task, etc.
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Teacher
Teacher
Principal
Specs From
Specs Consortia
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
• Primary: none
• Secondary: all components
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
• Primary: multimedia
• Secondary: delivery
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
• Primary: multimedia
• Secondary: delivery
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
• Primary: none
• Secondary: all components
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
• Collaborative browsing
• Learning technology metadata
• Working with IMS
• More info:
http://tina.lancs.ac.uk/computing/
research/cseg/projects/ariadne/
Learning Content
Delivery Evaluation
Learning
Style
Learning Performance
Content Content Index Performance (current)
(metadata) (history)
System
Knowledge Records
Coach
Library Database
Query Index Performance (new)
Abstraction
Implementation
Human
Protocols Interface
Processes
Data Interchange
Storage
Control Flow
1998-05-21 LTSA 4.00 Overview, Frank Farance 135
Information Busses:
Example: Internet Client-Server Bus, Client Perspective
Client
Web
User Server 1
Web Browser: “sits” on two
busses: both window manager
application & web application
World Wide Web
Window Manager GUI “Bus” of Browsers
Web
Application “Bus” App 1 Client and Web Servers
Examples:
GUI Web
X Windows, Win95 App 2 Server 2
GUI Web
App 3 Server 3
• Layer 1:
– Learning experience: learners interacting with the environment
– A learner (abstract) may represent several students (humans)
– From information technology perspective, flow is one-way:
environment ==> learner
– Collaboration is within the learner abstraction
• Layer 2:
– Because the learner abstraction is “implemented” with “humans”
(human learner), rather “implemented” with “computers” (machine
learning), the “nature of humans” has pervasive effect on system
design
– Fundamental limits of human communication
• Layer 2 (cont’d):
– Humans aren’t reliable receivers of information: retransmission
– Humans aren’t predictable receivers of information: different
strategies
– Humans learn differently (and over time): customizable,
configurable
• Layer 3:
– System notation: process, store, flow
– Human-centered feedback loop: learner, behavior, evaluation,
assessment, system coach, delivery, multimedia
– More “intelligence” from learning content: need records database
and performance records
– Learner has different “teachers” during his/her lifetime: records
database facilitates “hand-off”
• Layer 3 (cont’d):
– Humans each learn differently (and learn differently over time):
rich knowledge library required; query indexes and content indexes
(metadata) make best use of knowledge library
– Learners and their surrogates (e.g, parent, mentor) negotiate
learning styles with system coaches and their surrogates (e.g.,
institution, teacher, courseware developer)
• Layer 4:
– Stakeholders each have own, incomplete perspectives
– All stakeholders’ perspectives are incorporated in LTSA system
components diagram
– IEEE 1484: working groups specifying critical interfaces; some
technical standards outside of 1484; “education standards” are
necessary but outside scope of 1484 and “technical standards”
• Layer 5:
– Bus notation: bus, connector, system
– Operational components: actual implementation
– One operational component (e.g., HTTP) might be used by several
system components (e.g., records database, knowledge library)
– One system component (e.g., delivery) might use several
operational components (e.g., HTTP, HTML, MPEG)
• Layer 5 (cont’d):
– Bus may be used for several purposes
– Systems on bus share common namespace, e.g., URLs, process
IDs, object IDs
– Systems may be connected, simultaneously, to several busses
• Layer 5 (cont’d):
– Systems dynamically connect, on-demand to other systems (e.g.,
clients to servers)
– System connectivity is not pre-arranged
– Connections (protocols) may serve several purposes (e.g., XML
used for performance records and learning content; MIDI used for
behavior and multimedia)