Power Electronics

& Drives
Chapter 4
DC-DC Converters

College of Engineering and Technology

Adigrat University
Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
ECEg4222/4312: Power Electronics & Drives
G/Tsadik Teklay (M.Sc. Electrical Power Engineering)
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION

• THE BUCK (STEP-DOWN) CONVERTER

• THE BOOST CONVERTER

• THE BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

• THE CUK CONVERTER

• REGULATION/CONTROL TECHNIQUES

• APPLICATION: DC MOTOR DRIVES

Introduction
 Dc-dc converters are power electronic circuits that convert a dc voltage to a
different dc voltage level, often providing a regulated output.

 The term regulator is used since the circuit’s main commercial application is in
systems that require a stable and regulated dc output voltage.

 The circuits described in this chapter are classified as switched-mode dc-dc

converters, also called switching power supplies or switchers.
 DC-DC Converter
(Chopper)
DEFINITION:
A dc‐to‐dc converter, also known as dc chopper,
Converting the unregulated DC
input to a controlled DC output is a static device which is used to obtain a
with a desired voltage level. variable dc voltage from a constant dc voltage
source.
• General block diagram:
DC supply
APPLICATIONS:
(from rectifier-
Choppers are widely used in trolley cars,
DC output LOAD
filter, battery,
fuel cell etc.)

Vcontrol
Switched-mode power supply (SMPS),
(derived from
feedback circuit) battery chargers, battery operated vehicles,
traction motor control, control of large
number of dc motors etc. They are also used
as dc voltage regulators.
LINEAR VOLTAGE REGULATORS
 Before we discuss switched-mode converters, it
is useful to review the motivation for an
alternative to linear dc-dc converters.

 A typical block diagram of a linear regulator

power supply is shown in fig. 4.1.

 For many years, most power supplies available in

the market were of the linear regulator type, in
which a series active element is used to
regulate the output the output voltage.
Fig. 4.1: Typical block diagram of a linear
regulated power supply
Cont’d
 This method of converting a dc voltage to a lower dc voltage is a
simple circuit as shown in Fig. 4-2. The output voltage is
𝑉𝑂 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝐿 Fig. 4-2: A basic linear regulator.

 where the load current is controlled by the transistor.

 By adjusting the transistor base current, the output voltage may

be controlled over a range of 0 to roughly 𝑉𝑆 .

 The base current can be adjusted to compensate for variations

in the supply voltage or the load, thus regulating the output.

 This type of circuit is called a linear dc-dc converter or a linear

regulator because the transistor operates in the linear region,
rather than in the saturation or cutoff regions.

 The transistor in effect operates as a variable resistance.

Cont’d
 The active semiconductor element is used as a variable resistance to dissipate unwanted excess
voltage. Such arrangement results in large amounts of power being dissipated in the active element,
which can cause the efficiency to drop to as low as 40%.

 While this may be a simple way of converting a dc supply voltage to a lower dc voltage and
regulating the output, the low efficiency of this circuit is a serious drawback for power applications.

 The power absorbed by the load is 𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉𝑂 𝐼𝐿 , and the power absorbed by the transistor is 𝑉𝐶𝐸 𝐼𝐿 ,
assuming a small base current.

 The power loss in the transistor makes this circuit inefficient. For example, if the output voltage is
one-quarter of the input voltage, the load resistor absorbs one-quarter of the source power, which is
an efficiency of 25 percent. The transistor absorbs the other 75 percent of the power supplied by the
source. Lower output voltages result in even lower efficiencies. Therefore, the linear voltage
regulator is suit-able only for low-power applications.
Cont’d

 Because of this low efficiency, linear regulators have not been used for
medium- and high-power applications, since the early 1970s, when
switched-mode dc-dc converters entered the marketplace.

 Despite the fact that linear regulators are simple to use and provide tight
control, their disadvantages are so numerous that their practical is
limited.

 Because of their high power loses, they suffer from high thermal
dissipation, resulting in lower power density and low efficiency.
A BASIC SWITCHING CONVERTER/Switching Regulator
 An efficient alternative to the linear
regulator is the switching
converter.

 In a switching converter circuit, the

transistor operates as an electronic
switch by being completely on or
completely off (saturation or cutoff for
a BJT)
 Switching Regulator
+ Vce  IL

• In a switching converter circuit, the transistor operates as an +

electronic switch by being completely on or completely off RL
Vin
(saturation or cutoff). Vo


• Transistor is operated in switched-mode: (a)
• Switch closed: Fully on (saturated) SWITCHING REGULATOR
• Switch opened: Fully off (cut-off)
IL

SWITCH
• The power absorbed by the ideal switch is zero. +
(b)
RL Vo
Vin
• When switch is open, no current flow in it 
• When switch is closed no voltage drop across it.
• Since P=V.I, no losses occurs in the switch.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
• Power is 100% transferred from source to load. Vo
• Power loss is zero (for ideal switch):
Vin

(c) (ON) (OFF) (ON)

• Losses will occur in a real switch because the voltage across it will closed open closed

not be zero when it is on, and the switch must pass through the DT T
linear region when making a transition from one state to the other.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE

• Switching regulator is the basis of all DC-DC converters Fig. 4-4:

10
Cont’d
 Assuming the switch is ideal in Fig. 4-4, the output is the same as the input
when the switch is closed, and the output is zero when the switch is open.
Periodic opening and closing of the switch results in the pulse output shown in
Fig. 4-4c.
 The average or dc component of the output voltage is

 The dc component of the output voltage is controlled by adjusting the duty ratio
D , which is the fraction of the switching period that the switch is closed

 where f is the switching frequency. The dc component of the output voltage will
be less than or equal to the input voltage for this circuit.
THE BUCK (STEP-DOWN) CONVERTER
 Controlling the dc component of a pulsed output voltage of S L

the type in Fig. 4-4c may be sufficient for some applications, Vd C RL

+
D
such as controlling the speed of a dc motor, but often the Vo

objective is to produce an output that is purely dc. 

CIRCUIT OF BUCK CONVERTER

iL
 One way of obtaining a dc output from the circuit of Fig. 4-4a
+ vL 
is to insert a low-pass filter after the switch. Figure to the
S
+
right shows an LC low-pass filter added to the basic converter. Vd D RL Vo


 The diode provides a path for the inductor current when the
switch is opened and is reverse-biased when the switch is CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED
closed.
S iL

+ vL 

 This circuit is called a buck converter or a step-down +

Vd
converter because the output voltage is less than the D RL Vo

input. 

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

Cont’d
 Buck converters and dc-dc converters in general, have the following properties when operating
in the steady state:
Cont’d
 Analysis of the buck converter begins by making these assumptions:
1. The circuit is operating in the steady state.

2. The inductor current is continuous (always positive).

3. The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is held constant at voltage Vo. This
restriction will be relaxed later to show the effects of finite capacitance.

4. The switching period is T; the switch is closed for time DT and open for time (1-D )T.

5. The components are ideal.

 The key to the analysis for determining the output Vo is to examine the inductor current and
inductor voltage first for the switch closed and then for the switch open.

 The net change in inductor current over one period must be zero for steady-state
operation. The average inductor voltage is zero.
 + vL -
Switch is turned on (closed) S iL +
+
• Diode is reversed biased. Vd VD
C RL Vo
 

• Switch conducts inductor current vL

VdVo

• This results in positive inductor closed

opened
closed
opened

voltage, i.e: t

vL  Vd  Vo
Vo
iL

• It causes linear increase in the iLm ax

inductor current IL
iLm in
di
vL  L L
dt
t
1 DT T
 iL   v L dt
L
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 + vL -
Switch turned off (opened)
S iL +
C Vo
• Because of inductive energy storage, Vd D RL

iL continues to flow.

vL
• Diode is forward biased
VdVo
opened opened
closed closed
• Current now flows (freewheeling) t
through the diode.

Vo
• The inductor voltage can be derived iL
as:
vL  Vo iLmax
IL
iLmin

(1-D)T
t
DT T

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Analysis
When the switch is closed (on) : vL
di
v L  Vd  Vo  L L
dt Vd Vo
di V  Vo closed
 L d t
dt L
Derivative of iL is a positive
constant.T herefore iL must
increased linearly. iL
From Figure
diL iL iL Vd  Vo iL max
  
dt t DT L
IL iL
 V  Vo 
 iL closed   d   DT
 L  iL min
For switch opened,
t
di DT T
v L  Vo  L L
dt
di V
 L o
dt L
di i iL V
 L L  o
dt t (1  D)T L
 V 
 iL opened   o   (1  D)T 17
 L 
Steady-state operation

Steady - state operation requires that iL at the

iL end of switching cycle is the same at the
Unstable current
begining of the next cycle. That is the change
t of iL over one period is zero, i.e :
iL Decaying current iL closed  iL opened  0
 Vd  Vo    Vo 
t    DTs     (1  D)Ts  0
 L   L 
iL Steady-state current  Vo  DVd

The buck converter produces an output voltage

that is less than or equal to the input.

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Cont’d
 An alternative derivation of the output voltage is based on the inductor voltage, as shown in Fig.
6-4a . Since the average inductor voltage is zero for periodic operation,

 Solving the preceding equation for Vo yields the same result, 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑠𝐷

 Note that the output voltage depends on only the input and the duty ratio D .

 If the input voltage fluctuates, the output voltage can be regulated by adjusting the duty ratio
appropriately.

 A feedback loop is required to sample the output voltage, compare it to a reference, and set the
duty ratio of the switch accordingly.
Average, Maximum and Minimum Inductor Current

The average inductor current must be the same as the Average inductor current  Average current in R L
average current in the load resistor, since the average V
 IL  IR  o
capacitor current must be zero for steady-state R
operation: Maximum current :
iL iL Vo 1  Vo 
I max  I L     (1  D)T 
2 R 2 L 
Imax
iL  1 (1  D) 
IL  Vo   
Imin  R 2 Lf 
Minimum current :
t
iL  1 (1  D) 
I min  I L   Vo   
2  R 2 Lf 
Inductor current ripple :
iL  I max  I min

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Continuous Current Mode (CCM)

• For the preceding analysis to be valid,

continuous current in the inductor must be
From previous analysis,
verified. iL  1 (1  D) 
I min  I L   Vo   
2 R 2 Lf 
• An easy check for continuous current is to For continuous operation, I min  0,
calculate the minimum inductor current.  1 (1  D) 
Vo   0
R 2 Lf 
(1  D)
iL  L  Lmin  R
2f
Imax This is the minimum inductor current to
ensure continous mode of operation.
Imin t Normally L is chosen b be  Lmin
0

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Output voltage ripple
KCL, Capacitor current :
• In the preceding analysis, the capacitor was assumed L iL iR
ic  iL  iR
to be very large to keep the output voltage constant. The charge can be witten as :
iC
+
Vo
• In practice, the output voltage cannot be kept Q  CVo 
perfectly constant with a finite capacitance.  Q  CV
• The variation in output voltage, or ripple, is  o Vo 
Q iL imax

computed from the voltage-current relationship of C iL=IR

the capacitor.
Use triangle area formula : Vo/R imin

1  T  i 
• While the capacitor current is positive, the capacitor
0
Q    L  iC
2  2  2 
is charging. TiL
 0
8
Ripple voltage (Peak - to peak)
Capacitor current TiL (1  D)
 Vo  
8C 8 LCf 2
So, the ripple factor,
V (1  D)
r o 
Vo 8 LCf 2
Note : Ripple can be reduced by :
1) Increasing switching frequency
2) Increasing inductor size
Capacitor ripple voltage 3) Increasing capacitor size.
22
Cont’d
 It is also useful to express the ripple as a fraction of the output
voltage,

 In design, it is useful to rearrange the preceding equation to express

required capacitance in terms of specified voltage ripple:

 If the ripple is not large, the assumption of a constant output

voltage is reason-able and the preceding analysis is essentially valid.
 Basic design procedures SWITCH L

Lmin= ?
RL
L = 10Lmin
Vd Po = ?
f=? D
(input C Io = ?
D=? ripple ?
spec.)
TYPE ?

• Calculate D to obtain required output voltage.

• Select a particular switching frequency (f) and device
• preferably f>20KHz for negligible acoustic noise
• higher fs results in smaller L and C. But results in higher losses. Reduced efficiency, larger heat
sink.
• Possible devices: MOSFET, IGBT and BJT. Low power MOSFET can reach MHz range.
• Calculate Lmin. Some designers select a value 25 percent larger than Lmin.
• Calculate C for ripple factor requirement. The capacitor must be selected to limit
the output ripple to the design specifications, to withstand peak output voltage,
and tocarry the required rms current.
• Capacitor ratings:
• must withstand peak output voltage
• must carry required RMS current.
• Wire size consideration: The inductor wire must be rated at the rms current, and
the core should not saturate for peak inductor current.
• RMS value for iL is given as: I L,RMS  I L 2   iL 2 2
 3 

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Examples

 A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source. Given L=400uH,

C=100uF, R=20 Ohm, f=20KHz and D=0.4. Calculate: (a) output voltage (b)
maximum and minimum inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.

 A buck converter has an input voltage of 50V and output of 25V. The switching
frequency is 10KHz. The power output is 125W. (a) Determine the duty cycle,
(b) value of L to limit the peak inductor current to 6.25A, (c) value of
capacitance to limit the output voltage ripple factor to 0.5%.

 Design a buck converter such that the output voltage is 28V when the input is
48V. The load is 8Ohm. Design the converter such that it will be in continuous
current mode. The output voltage ripple must not be more than 0.5%. Specify
the frequency and the values of each component. Suggest the power switch
also.
25
Boost (step-up) converter
L D

Vd C +
S
RL Vo


CIRCUIT OF BOOST CONVERTER
iL L D
+ vL 

Vd +
S C
RL Vo


CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED

L
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C RL
S Vo

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

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 Boost analysis:switch closed
iL
L D
+ vL 
+
Vd C vo
S


v L  Vd Vd

di
L L v L
CLOSED
dt
t
di V
 L d V d V o
dt L
diL iL iL
  i iL
t DT
L

dt
di V
 L  d
dt L DT T t

V DT
iL closed  d
L
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Switch opened
iL
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C vo
S
-

v L  Vd  Vo
di
L L Vd
dt
di V  Vo vL
 L d OPENED

dt L t

diL iL V d V o

dt t
iL iL
 iL
(1  D)T
( 1-D )T
t
di V  Vo DT T

 L d
dt L
Vd  Vo (1  DT )
 iL opened 
L
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Steady-state operation

iL closed  iL opened  0

Vd DT Vd  Vo (1  D)T
 0
L L
Vd
 Vo 
1 D

• Boost converter produces output voltage that is

greater or equal to the input voltage.
• Alternative explanation:
• when switch is closed, diode is reversed.
Thus output is isolated. The input supplies
energy to inductor.
• When switch is opened, the output stage
receives energy from the input as well as
from the inductor. Hence output is large.
• Output voltage is maintained constant by
virtue of large C.

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Average, Maximum,
Minimum Inductor Current

Input power  Output power

Vo 2
Vd I d 
R
2
 Vd 
 
 (1  D)  Vd 2
Vd I L  
R (1  D) 2 R
Average inductor current :
Vd
 IL 
(1  D) 2 R
Maximum inductor current :
i Vd Vd DT
 I max  I L  L  
2 (1  D) 2 R 2L
Minimum inductor current :
i Vd Vd DT
 I min  I L  L  
2 (1  D) 2 R 2L

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L and C values

For CCM,
I min  0 Vd
vL
Vd Vd DT
2
 0
(1  D ) R 2L
D1  D 2 TR
Lmin  VdVo
2 Imax

D1  D 2 R
iL
 Imin
2f

Ripple factor iD Imax

V 
Q   o  DT  CVo
Imin

R
Io=Vo / R
V DT Vo D
Vo  o 
RCf RCf ic

V D
r o 
Vo RCf
Q

DT T
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 Examples
 The boost converter has the following parameters:
Vd=20V, D=0.6, R=12.5ohm, L=65uH, C=200uF,
fs=40KHz. Determine (a) output voltage, (b) average,
maximum and minimum inductor current, (c) output
voltage ripple.

 Design a boost converter to provide an output voltage of

36V from a 24V source. The load is 50W. The voltage
ripple factor must be less than 0.5%. Specify the duty
cycle ratio, switching frequency, inductor and capacitor
size, and power device.

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 Buck-Boost converter

S
D
+

Vd C
L RL Vo

RL

CIRCUIT OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

S D
+ +

Vd iL vL Vo
 

CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS CLOSED

S D
+ +
Vd iL vL
Vo



CIRCUIT WHEN SWITCH IS OPENED

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 Buck-boost analysis
Vd
Switch closed vL
di
v L  Vd  L L
dt
di V VdVo
 L d
dt L Imax

iL iL Vd iL
  Imin
t DT L
V DT
 (iL ) closed  d Imax
L iD
Switch opened Imin

di
v L  Vo  L L Io=Vo / R
dt
di V
 L o i c
dt L
iL iL V Q
  o
t (1  D)T L DT T
V (1  D)T
 (iL ) opened  o
L

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 Output voltage
Steady state operation :
 iL(closed )   iL(opened )  0
V DT Vo (1  D )T
 d  0
L L
Output vol tage :
 D 
 Vo  Vs  
1  D 

 NOTE: Output of a buck-boost converter either

be higher or lower than input.
• If D>0.5, output is higher than input
• If D<0.5, output is lower input

 Output voltage is always negative.

 Note that output is never directly connected to

load.

 Energy is stored in inductor when switch is

closed and transferred
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Average inductor current

Assuming no power loss in the converter,

power absorbed by the load must equal
power supplied the by source, i.e.
Po  Ps
Vo2
 Vd I s
R
But average source current is related to
average inductor current as :
Is  ILD
Vo2
  Vd I L D
R
Substituti ng for Vo ,
Vo2 P Vd D
 IL   o 
Vd RD Vd D R (1  D) 2

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L and C values
Max and min inductor current,
i Vd D Vd DT
 I max  I L  L  
2 R (1  D ) 2 2L
iL Vd D Vd DT
 I min  I L   
2 R (1  D ) 2 2L
For CCM
Vd D Vd DT
2
 0
R (1  D) 2 L
(1  D ) 2 R
 Lmin 
2f
Output vol tage ripple,
V 
Q   o  DT  CVo
R
V DT Vo D
Vo  o 
RC RCf
V D
r o 
Vo RCf
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 Converters in CCM: Summary
Buck
Vo
S L D
V + Vd
D C RL
Vo Vo 1  D

d

 Vo 8 LCf 2
(1  D ) R
Lmin 
2f

L Boost
D
Vo 1

V + Vd 1  D
C Vo
S Vo D

d
RL  Vo RCf
D(1  D) 2 R
Lmin 
2f

S Buck  Boost
Vo D
D + 
V C Vo Vd 1 D
L RL
d
 Vo D

Vo RCf
(1  D) 2 R
Lmin 
2f

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Control of DC-DC converter:
pulse width modulation
(PWM)

Vo (desired)
+ Vcontrol Switch control
signal
Vo (actual) Comparator
-
Sawtooth
Waveform Sawtooth
Waveform

Vcontrol 1
Vcontrol 2

Switch
control
ton 2 signal

ton 1
T

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Isolated DC-DC
Converter
 Isolated DC-DC requires isolation transformer
 Two types: Linear and Switched-mode

 Advantages of switched mode over linear

power supply
-Efficient (70-95%)
-Weight and size reduction

 Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems

 However above certain ratings,

SMPS is the only feasible choice

 Types of SMPS
-Flyback
-forward
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-Push-pull
Linear and SMPS block
diagram
Basic Block diagram of linear power supply
C E
Vce=Vd-Vo +Vo DC Regulated
DC Unregulated
B +
+
Base/gate RL
Vd Drive Vo
Line
Input -
1 / 3 -
Rectifier/ Error Vo
50/60 Hz Filter Amp.
Isolation
Transformer
Vref

Basic Block diagram of SMPS

DC-DC CONVERSITION AND
DC ISOLATION
DC
Unregulated Regulated
High
RECTIFIER Frequency
EMI
AND
FILTER rectifier Vo
FILTER
and
filter
Vref

Base/
PWM error
gate
Controller Amp
drive

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,

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High frequency
transformer
Basic function :
1) Input - output electrical isolation
2) step up/down ti me - varying voltage
Basic input - output relationsh ip
v1 N1
 ;
v2 N 2
i1 N 2

i2 N1
Models :
i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
V1 V2 Ideal model
 

i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
Lm Model used for
V1 V2

most PE application


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Flyback Converter

+
C R Vo
Vd LM


Flyback converter circuit

iD
iS i1 N1 N2
+
+  + vD 
iLM v2 iC iR Vo
v1
Vd
 + 
+ vSW  i2

Model with magnetising

inductance

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,

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Operation: switch closed
0 N1 N2
is=iLM
 +
+
iLM v2
v1 Vo
Vd +
 
v1=Vs 0

diLm
v1  Vd  Lm
dt
diLm iLm iLm Vd
  
dt dt DT Lm


 iLm
closed
 d
Lm

V DT

On the load side of the transform er,

N  N 
v2  v1  2   Vd  2 
 N1   N1 
N 
v D  Vo  Vd  2   0, i.e. diode turned off
 N1 
Therefore,
i2  0 and i1  0
Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,
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Switch opened
iD
N1 N2
+ +

iLM v1 v2= VS Vo
Vs  + 
+ vSW 

N 
v1  Vo  1 
 N2 
But v2  Vo
N  N 
 v1  v2  1   Vo  1 
 N2   N2 
di N 
v1  Lm L m  Vo  1 
dt  N2 
diL m iL m iL m  Vo  N1 
    
dt dt 1  D T Lm  N 2 
V (1  D)T  N1 
 iL m open   o  
Lm  N2 
Voltage across the switch :
N 
vSW  Vd  Vo  1 
 N2 
Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,
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Output voltage

For steady - state operation,


iLm closed 
 iLm opened
0

V DT Vo 1  D T  N1 
 d     0
Lm Lm  N2 
 D  N 2 
 Vo  Vd   
 1  D  1 
N

• Input output relationship is similar to buck-boost

converter.

• Output can be greater of less than input,depending

upon D.

• Additional term, i.e. transformer ratio is present.

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,

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 Flyback waveforms

Ps  P0 Vs

V0 2 v1
Vd I s 
R
I s is related to I Lm as : -V(N1 /N2)

Is  m
I L DT
T
 
 I Lm D
iLm
iLM

Solving for I Lm
is

 
Vd I Lm D 
V02
R
t
V0 2
 I Lm 
Vd DR iD

I Lm can writte n as :
2 iC
Vd D  N2 
I Lm   
(1  D ) 2 R  N1 
Vo/ R
V0  N 2 
DT T t
  
(1  D ) R  N1 

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,

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Max, Min inductor current
iLm
I Lm  I Lm 
,max 2
2
Vd D  N 2  V d DT
 
2 N 
 
(1  D ) R  1  2 Lm
iLm
I Lm ,min  I Lm 
2
2
Vd D  N 2  Vd DT
 
2 N 
 
(1  D ) R  1  2 Lm
For CCM, I Lm , min  0
2
Vd D  N2  Vd DT Vd D

 
  
(1  D ) 2 R  N1  2 Lm 2 Lm f
2
Vd (1  D ) 2 R  N1 
  Lm min   
2f  2
N
Ripple calculatio n is similar to boost,
V D
r 0 
V0 RCf
Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,
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Example
The Flyback converter has these specifications:
DC input voltage: 40V
Output voltage: 25V
Duty cycle: 0.5
Rated load: 62.5W
Max peak-peak inductor current ripple:
25% of the average inductor current.
Maximum peak-peak output voltage: 0.1V
Switching frequency: 75kHz

Based on the abovementioned specifications,

determine
a) Transformer turns ratio
b) Value of magnetizing inductor Lm.
c) Maximum and minimum inductor current.
d) Value of capacitor C.

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,

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Full-bridge converter

SW1 SW3
Lx
+ + +
NS vx Vo
C R
 
vp
VS
NS


SW4 SW2

SW1,SW2

DT T
SW3,SW4

T T
 DT
VP 2 2
VS

-VS
Vx
N 
VS  S 
 NP 

DT T T T
 DT
2 2

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,

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 Full bridge: basic operation
 Switch “pair”: [S1 & S2];[S3 & S4].

 Each switch pair turn on at a time as shown.

The other pair is off.

 “AC voltage” is developed across the primary.

Then transferred to secondary via high
frequency transformers.

 On secondary side, diode pair is “high

frequency full wave rectification”.

 The choke (L) and (C ) acts like the “buck

converter” circuit.

 Ns 
V  2
 Output VoltageV 
s
 D
o 
Np 

Power Electronics and Drives (Version 3-2003) Dr. Zainal Salam,

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