OMA000001 (Slides) GSM Principle GSM Fundamentals 20061229 B 3.3

2018/5/22 Internal use only
OMA000001
GSM Fundamentals
ISSUE 3.3
www.huawei.com
ISSUE 2.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

Contents
Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

GSM Network Components
Terrestrial Interface
Service Area and Number Planning
Channels on The Air Interface

Radio Technologies
The Future Development
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Objectives
On completion of this section

the student will be able to:
 Name the frequency spectrum used in

GSM
 Name the concept of frequency reused.
 Name the two different cell types and
understand why and when each would be
used.

The Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
EGSM GSM EGSM GSM
880 890 915 925 935 960

MHz
Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
The Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
Frequency Re-Use
What is Frequency Re-Use?
Because frequency resource of mobile system is

very limited,
The different Subscribers must use the same
frequency in different place.
Of course, the quality of communication must be
ensured.

Frequency Re-Use
How can we reuse frequency?
7(Site)X 1(Cell)
7 23
Re-use
1
6 4

Frequency Re-Use
4(Site)X 3(Cell) 5
1
Re-use 7 9 6
3 2
5 11 8 10
1 4
9 6 12 7
2 3
10 5 11
1
9

CELL
Omni
Omni-Directional Cells
1
120 Degree Sectors 1

120
degree 2
3
Contents


Radio Technologies

Objectives

you will be able to:
Draw the structure of GSM
Identify the functions of

each component

NSS AUC
HLR
EIR
OSS OMC
MSC/VLR PSTN
SIM
ME BTS BSC
MS
BSS
Mobile Station—MS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
– Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
– Subscriber Identity Module

Subscriber Identity Module – SIM
 International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI)
 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
GSM
(TMSI)
 Location Area Identity (LAI)
 Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
 Mobile Station International Standard
Data Network (MSISDN),
it is optional.

Base Station Subsystem – BSS
MSC
 The Base Station
Controller – BSC
 The Base Transceiver BSS TC/SM
Station – BTS
 The Trans-coder – TC
and Sub multiplexer BSC
(SM)
BTS

The Network Switching System
NSS AUC
HLR
OMC EIR
EC PSTN
MSC/VLR
IWF
Mobile Switching Center – MSC

Home Location Register – HLR
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Authentication Center – AUC
BSS
Inter-Working Function – IWF
Echo Cancellor – EC
Mobile Service Switching Center – MSC
 Call Processing
 Operations and Maintenance Support
 Inter-network & Inter-working
 Billing

Home Location Register – HLR
 Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)

 Current subscriber VLR (current location)
 Supplementary service information
 Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
 Authentication key and AuC functionality

Visitor Location Register – VLR
 Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached)
 Location Area Identity(LAI)
 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
 Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN)

Equipment Identity Register – EIR
•White List
•Black List IMEI
Is Checked against White List
•Grey List
If NOT found,
checked against
Grey/Black List
If NOT found, checked IMEI

against White List Is Checked against Black/Grey List
indications
If found, returns a Black

or Grey List indicator
Inter-Working Function – IWF
• Rate Conversion
• Protocol Adaptation
MSC
EC IWF
PSTN

Echo Canceller － EC
Echo takes place by GSM system delay caused by call processing,speech

encoding and decoding etc.
An Echo Canceller is used on the PSTN side of the MSC for all voice circuits
4-wire
2-wire 2- wire
Hybrid Hybrid
Generation of Echo at 2-wire to 4-wire Interface

Operation and Maintenance Sub System
OSS(NMC)
OMC OMC
OMC
Region2 Region 3
Region 1

Operation and Maintenance Center – OMC
OMC – R: OMC assigned specifically to

the Base Station Subsystem
OMC – S: OMC assigned specifically to

the Network Switching Subsystem

OMC Functional Architecture
Event/Alarm Security
Management Management
MMI
OS DB
Fault Configuration
Management Management
Performance
Management

Contents


Radio Technologies

Objectives

 Identify the protocols used

on the terrestrial interfaces
between the GSM system
entities

GSM Interface
D
HLR
G H
VLR VLR C AUC
EIR
B F
MSC MSC
E
IWF EC EC IWF
A
TC
Um Abis
MS BTS BSC

GSM Protocol

SigL1: 2MBps Trunks
HLR
OMC AUC
IWF EIR
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
EC
EC
TC
BSC PSTN
BTS BTS

2MBps Trunks
Typical Configuration
TS 0 TS 1-15 TS16 TS 17-31
TS = Time slot
TS# Used for
0 Frame Alignment /Error Checking /Signaling
1-15 Traffic
16 CCS7 Signaling (Other TS may also the used)
17-31 Traffic

Abis (LAPD) Interfaces
Frame check Information Address Flag

Flag Control
Sequence
last bit first bit

ITU Signaling System CCS7
CCS7 Levels
OSI Layers MAP
7. Application BSSAP
TUP ISUP TCAP (DTAP+BSSMAP)
6. Presentation
5. Session SCCP
4. Transport
MTP Level 3
3. Network
2. Link
MTP Level 2
1 Physical
MTP Level 1 2 Mb/s Trunk

Abbreviation of CCS7
 MTP Message Transfer Part

 TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part
 SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part
 TUP Telephone User Part
 ISUP ISDN User Part
 MAP Mobile Application Part
 BSSAP Base Station System Application Part
 BSSMAP BSS Management Application Part
 DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part

Contents


Radio Technologies

Objectives

Identify the system identification number
Identify the of mobile identification number
Identify the cell identification number

Service Area
System area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...
Location area...
Base station area...
Location area...
......
Base station area...
Radio cell
Radio cell
...... ......

MSC/VLR Number
CC NDC LSP
MSC/VLR number
The format is CC+NDC+LSP

CC：Country Code.
For example: The CC of China is "86".
NDC：National Destination Code.

For example: The NDC of China Mobile is 139、138、137、
136、135.
LSP(locally significant part): is defined by Telecom operator.

For example: 86-139-00311
HLR Number
The format is：CC+NDC+H0 H1 H2 H3 0000.

CC：Country Code.
For example: The CC of China is "86".
NDC：National Destination Code.

For example: The NDC of China Mobile is 139、
138、137、136、135.
H0H1H2H3 is defined by Telecom operator.

For example: 86-139-0666-0000.

LAI
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC：Mobile Country Code，It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC：Mobile Network Code，It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC： Location Area Code，It is a two bytes BCD code(hex).
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a

cell
The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI ： Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes BCD
code(hex) to identify the radio cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

BSIC
BSIC（Base Station Identification Color Code)
NCC BCC
BSIC
NCC ： PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished.
BCC ： BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows
distinction
between different radio frequency channels using the same
frequency in neighboring cells.

MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC： Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC：National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN： Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234

IMSI
Not more than 15 digits

3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI
MCC：Mobile Country Code，It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"。
MNC：Mobile Network Code，It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"。
MSIN：Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI：National Mobile Subscriber Identification，MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
 The TMSI is assigned only after successful

subscriber authentication.
 The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI
numbers and notifies them to the HLR.
 TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the
mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept
secret.
 The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers)
and determined by the telecom operator.

IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
TAC ： Type approval code. It is administered by the type

approval center.
FAC ： Final assembly code.It is administered by the
manufacturer.
SNR：Serial number.It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS.
SP：Not used.

MSRN/HON
MSRN: Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number

HON: Hand-over Number
 The MSRN is used to route the call to the MSC which MS

is currently located.
 The HON is used by the MSC-A to set up a connection to
the MSC-B during handover process
 Usually, MSRN and HON share the same numbering plan.
 The format is CC+NDC+individual number. CC and NDC
is the same as that of MSISDN. The individual number is
taken from a pool of numbers specially reserved for
MSRN.

RSZI
RSZI (Regional Subscription Zone Identity)
RSZI
CC NDC ZC
Zone Code, Two octets
CC、NDC: same as that of MSISDN

ZC(Zone Code): is designed by telecom operator and
stored in the VLR.

Contents


Radio Technologies

Objectives

Identify the types of physical channels

and logical channels
Name the 4 most commonly used channel

combinations
Understand the structure of multiframes

Physical and Logical Channels
The physical channel is the medium over which

the information is carried
The logical channels consist of the information
carried over the physical channel
TDMA FRAME
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Timeslot
The information carried in one time
slot is called a “burst”

Traffic Channel
TCH
Traffic Channels
Normal Burst
Speech Data
TCH/FS TCH/HS
TCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/4.8
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
Control Channel
CCH Control Channels
DCCH BCCH
SDCCH ACCH
BCCH Synch. CH.
FACCH SACCH CCCH

SCH FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH RACH

Common Control Channel – CCCH CBCH
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
Associated Control Channel – ACCH PCH/AGCH
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH
The information carried on the CCH

BCCH is monitored by the mobile
periodically when it is switched BCCH
on and not in a call downlink only
BCCH:Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Synch.

Channel BCCH Channels
SCH: Synchronization Channel
SCH FCCH

Common Control Channel – CCCH
CCH
The CCCH is responsible for
transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
BTS.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Control
Channel
PCH: Paging Channel RACH CBCH
AGCH: Access Grant Control uplink downlink
Channel
CBCH:Cell Broadcast Channel
PCH/AGCH
downlink

Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
DCCH is assigned to a single

CCH
mobile connection for call setup
or for measurement and handover
purpose. DCCH
SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control
Channel SDCCH ACCH
SACCH: Slow Associated Control
Channel
FACCH:Fast Associated Control
Channel
FACCH SACCH

How to use these channel?
Power-off state
Search for frequency correction pulse FCCH
Search for synchronous pulse SCH
Unscramble system information
BCCH
Idle state
Snoop into paging message PCH

Send access pulse
RACH
Allocate signaling channel
AGCH
Dedicated mode
Set up the call SDCCH
Allocate voice channel
FACCH
Conversation
Release the call TCH
Idle state
FACCH

Call SetupMS
Flow BTS BSC MSC
Channel_req Channel_Required
Channel_Active
Channel_Active_Ack
IMMEDIATE ASSIGN COMMAND
First SABM Establish_IND(CM Service Req)
CR(Complete_L3_information)
CC
CM Service Accepted
Setup
Call Processing
Channel_Active Assignment_Req
Channel_Active_Ack
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
SABM: Set asynchronous
balanced mode command-- First SABM Establish_IND
Initial access frame ASSIGNMENT CMP
Assignment_CMP
UA: Unnumbered Alerting
acknowledgement response
Connect
Connect Ack
Conversation
Disconnect
Release
Release Complete
Clear_CMD
Clear_CMP
GSM Multiframe
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25
26 – Frame Multiframes
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
TCH Multiframe Downlink Uplink
25 IDLE 25 IDLE
 This is used to transmit a

Traffic Channel Combination
(TCH/ SACCH/FACCH). The
FACCH is not showed in the
diagram as it does not receive
its own time allocation. The SACCH
12 SACCH
12
FACCH steals a time period
from the TCH is required.
 The 13th frame is used by the
SACCH which carriers link
control information to and
from the mobile and BTS.
0 0
 The 26th frame is idle.

GSM Multiframe
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
51 – Frame Multiframes
CONTROL CHANNELS
BCCH/CCCH Multiframe
Downlink
B B B B I
F S C C C C F S C C .. F S C C .. F S C C .. F S C C C C C C C C
0 10 20 30 40 50
F = FCCH (Frequency)
S = SCH (Sync.)
C = CCCH (Common)
I = Idle
R = RACH (Random)
Uplink
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R .. R R R ..R R R .. R R R R R R R R R R R
0 10 20 30 40 50

SDCCH Multiframe
Downlink
D0 D1 D6 D7 A0 A3 I I I
D0 D1 D6 D7 A4 A7 I I I
0 7 24 32 44 50
D = SDCCH/8 (Dedicated)
A = SACCH/C8
(Associated) I = Idle
Uplink
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D7 A0
A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D7 A4
0 7 12 15 44 50
Timeslots and TDMA Frames
Higher Capacity Cell
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Broadcast Traffic
Dedicated
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Traffic
Low Capacity Cell
0 1 2 3 4 5 60 7
Combined Traffic
Combined Multiframe
Downlink
FS B C FS C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I
FS B C FS C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I
0 2 6 10 20 30 40 50
R = RACH (Random) B = BCCH (Broadcast)
F = FCCH (Frequency) S = SCH (Sync.)
C = CCCH (Common) D = SDCCH/4 (Dedicated)
A = SACCH/4 (Associated) I = Idle
Uplink
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R D0 D1 R R D2
0 4 6 10 20 30 40 50
Configuration Suggestion
Just one BCCH for one cell
FR: One SDCCH for two TRXs
HR: One SDCCH for one TRX

Contents


Radio Technologies

Objectives
On completion of this section you

will be able to know about the
following radio technologies :
GMSK Modulation Techniques

Power Control
VAD, DTX, DRX
Diversity
Frequency Hopping

Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
– phase modulation can be implemented easily for digital

signals, this is the method which is used for the GSM air
interfaces. Phase Modulation is known as Phase Shift
Keying when applied to digital signals

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Phase
1 0 0 1 1 Gaussian
Modulator
Digital Filter

8PSK – for EDGE
Modulating bits Symbol
EDGE: D3i, d3i+1, d3i+2 parameter l
Enhanced Data Rates For GSM Evolution)

(1,1,1) 0
(0,1,1) 1
(0,1,0) 2
(0,0,0) 3
(0,0,1) 4
(1,0,1) 5
(1,0,0) 6
(1,1,0) 7

Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink

power settings can be
8W
controlled independently
and individually.
0.8W
5W
Saves radio battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference

Battery Life
Power Control
Voice Activity Detection – VAD
Discontinuous Transmission – DTX
Discontinuous Reception – DRX

VAD & DTX
Without DTX
Encoding the speech

silences at a rate of 500
bit/s rather than the full
13Kb/s.
If the mobile does not

transmit during ‘silence’ With DTX
there is a reduction in
the overall power output
requirement
Comfort
Noise
DRX
DRX allows the mobile station to effectively “switch off” during

times when reception is deemed unnecessary.
BCCH Multiframe P = Paging Channel
PPPPPP BCCH PP
MS Being MS in MS receive System MS in

paged listen mode listen mode
information
Multipath Fading
•Diversity
•Frequency
Hopping
Time Dispersion
Diversity
Approx. 10
wavelengths
When diversity is implemented two
antennas are situated at the receiver.
These antennas are placed several
wavelengths apart to ensure
minimum correlation between the
two receive paths.
Compare or
add signals
The two signals are then
combined, this ensures that a
low signal strength is less likely
to occur.
Resultant Signal

Frequency Hopping
Each time the BTS or mobile transmits a burst, it

does so on a different RF carrier frequency.
Synthesizer Hopping: each frequency

timeslot on a given transceiver
can transmit at a different
frequency
Baseband Hopping: each

transceiver stays at the same
frequency and the data is
switched to the appropriate
transceiver.
time
Contents


Radio Technologies

Objectives

State the future development

of digital cellular mobile
system

GSM User World Wide
GSM will stay in the Lead, all professional Market
Forecasts say
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
GSM users world wide in millions

Voice and Data Service
S
e
rv
i
ce D
a
t
a
a
m
ou
t
V
o
i
ce
T
o
da
y20
0
0 T
i
me

Mobile Communication and Internet
m
i
l
li
on
7
0
0
6
0
0
5
0
0
4
0
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
9
95
19
9
61
99
71
9
98
19
9
92
00
0
20
01
M
o
b
il
e I
nt
er
ne
t

GSM Develop Path
3G
2Mbps
2.5G IMT-2000
384kbps
EDGE
115 kbps
2G
57.6 kbps GPRS
9.6 kbps HSCSD
GSM
1999 2000 2001

Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
Kbps 59.2
60.0
54.4
50.0 GPRS 44.8

EGPRS
40.0
29.6
30.0
22.4
20.0
20.0 17.6
14.4 14.8
12.0 11.2
8.0 8.8
10.0
0.0
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK 8PSK

Huawei EDGE Test Result
Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9：

Summary


Radio Technologies

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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2018/5/22 Internal use only

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

Service Area and Number Planning

Channels on The Air Interface

The Future Development

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

On completion of this section

 Name the frequency spectrum used in

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

EGSM GSM EGSM GSM

880 890 915 925 935 960

Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

What is Frequency Re-Use?

Because frequency resource of mobile system is

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 6

How can we reuse frequency?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 8

120 Degree Sectors 1

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

Service Area and Number Planning

Channels on The Air Interface

The Future Development

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 10

On completion of this section

Draw the structure of GSM

Identify the functions of

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 11

International Mobile Subscriber

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 13

 International Mobile Subscriber Identity

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 14

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 15

Mobile Switching Center – MSC

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 17

 Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 18

 Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached)

 Location Area Identity(LAI)

 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)

 Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 19

If NOT found, checked IMEI

If found, returns a Black

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 21

Echo takes place by GSM system delay caused by call processing,speech

Generation of Echo at 2-wire to 4-wire Interface

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 23

OMC – R: OMC assigned specifically to

OMC – S: OMC assigned specifically to

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 24

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 25

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System

Service Area and Number Planning

Channels on The Air Interface

The Future Development

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 26

On completion of this section

 Identify the protocols used